Chapter 3 ~ Biology

Hierarchy

* organizational structure
* complex stuff at the top
* simple things at the bottom

animals four major tissues

* epithelial tissues (skin)\]
* connective tissues
* muscle tissues
* nerve tissues

cellular differentiation

process which produces specialized cells

stem cells

a cell that can turn into different types of cells

2 stem cells

* embryonic
* tissues

embryonic cells

can turn into any kind of cell

tissues

* exist with a certain kind of tissues
* can only turn into certain types of cells

regeneration

a tissue being able to repair itself

tissue engineering

researching ways to regenerate human body tissue that do not normally regenerate

digestive system

takes in food, digest it and removes remaining waste

Mouth

Breaks down food mechanically and chemically

esophagus

* connects the mouth to the stomach
* has smooth muscle tissues which contract and relax

peristalsis

Moves food down to the stomach

stomach

holds food and churns it to continue the digestive process

circulatory system consist of…

* blood
* heart
* blood vessels

circulatory system main function

* transport nutrients and waste to and from body cells
* regulates body temp
* transport WBC to areas of bacteria

blood

type of connective tissue with four main parts

blood four main parts

* red blood cells
* white blood cells
* platelets
* plasma

platelets

tiny cells \~ help with blood clotting

Plasma

* protein rich
* help move blood cells along

The heart is made up of…

* cardiac muscle tissue
* nerve tissue
* connective tissues

Arteries

take blood away from heart

veins

take blood to the heart

capillaries

* connects arteries and veins
* nutrients and oxygen are dropped off here

respiratory system

responsible for providing oxygen to the body and removing carbon dioxide

Pharynx

throat

trachea

windpipe

alveoli

* air bags at the end of bronchi
* surrounded by a network of capillaries

diaphragm

large sheet under the lungs

tuberculosis

Bacteria entering the lungs and spreading to the nervous system and bones

SARS

* severe Acute Respiratory syndrome
* a type of corona virus

Organs that can be donated

* heart, liver, lung


* pancreas, intestine

Tissues that can be donated

* cornea, skin, bone
* bone marrow, tendons, blood vessels

musculoskeletal system consist of

bone and muscle that move the body

skeleton main role

* provided structure and support
* provided anchor points for muscles
* protects internal organs

skeleton consist of 3 connective tissues

* Bones
* Ligaments
* Cartilage

Ligaments

connects bones together

Cartilage

prevents bone on bone rubbing

three types of muscles

* skeletal muscle
* smooth muscles
* cardiac muscles

skeletal muscle

* voluntary
* are attached to the bones by tendons

smooth muscle

* involuntary
* found in intestine

cardiac muscle

* involuntary
* found in the heart

Nervous can be divided into two part

* central nervous system (CNS)
* Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

central nervous system

* The brain and spinal cord
* Protected by bones
* Cushioned by cerebrospinal fluid

Peripheral nervous system

Made up of the nerves that carry Signals between the central nervous system and the body

Nerve tissues

* made up a special cells called neurons


* found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Neurons

Sends information around the body by conducting electrical signals

Sensory receptors

Specialize cells or tissues are received input from the external environment and sends signals along the Peripheral nerves to the CNS

Perception

* nervous system is responsible
* Making sense of the info we get from our environnement

endoskeleton

Skeleton on the inside of the body (humans)

Exoskeleton

Skeleton on the outside of the body (insects)