Final Exam Review on the World History Revolutions

American Revolution, Columbian Exchange, French Revolution and Haitian Revolution basicaally everything learned in a world history classroom setting

European Exploration

The Portuguese, Spanish, French, and British were the first Europeans to explore the "New World"

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of goods and ideas between Native Americans and Europeans

Means of European Exploration

the satisfaction of curiosity, the pursuit of trade, the spread of religion, and the desire for security and political powe

European exploration and conquest were fueled by...(Three G's

God, Gold and Glory

Atlantic Slave Trade

the buying, transporting, and selling of Africans for work in the Americas/ brought 773,000 people to the america's.

American Revolution(1775

1783)

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Unsuccessful revolt led by planter Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia governor William Berkeley's administration, which, Bacon charged, had failed to protect settlers from Indian raids.

Townshend Acts

A tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

Quartering Act of 1765

Required certain colonies to provide food and quarter British troops

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Boston Massacre

incident in 1770 in which British troops fired on and killed American colonists

1st Continental Congress

in 1774, meeting of delegates from 12 colonies in Philadelphia (Georgia did not attend)

Tea Act of 1773

Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low

Sugar Act of 1764

An act that raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It also increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.

Battles of Lexington and Concord (1775)

first battles of the Revolutionary War

Intolerable Acts (1774)

After Tea Party, King closed the harbor for any business and reinforced the Quartering Act

Stamp Act of 1765

Placed a tax on almost all printed materials in the colonies

Navigation Act of 1651

Law that required imported goods to be carried in English ships or ships of the country making the goods.

2nd Continental Congress (May 1775)

voted to get all colonies involved in war, made George Washington Commander

Effect of the American Revolution

Articles of Confederation

the first constitution of the United States/weak

Problems of the Articles of Confederation

1. no ability to tax
2. no ability to form military
3. owe debts to foreign nations and colonists
2. interstate commerce (tariff battles)

Shay's Rebellion (1786

1787)

Constitutional Compromises

1. Bill of Rights: first 10 amendments to the constitution
2. Great (Connecticut) Compromise: combined Virginia plan and New Jersey plan creating two chambers in Congress: the Senate (based on equal representation) and the House of Representatives (based on population
3. 3/5 Compromise: every 5 slaves would be counted as 3 people in terms of voting
4. Slave Trade Compromise: agreement to wait until 1808 before Congress would be able to ban the slave trade in the US.
5. Commerce Compromise: Congress was forbidden the power to tax the export of goods from any state

Federalists

supporters of the Constitution and of a strong national government

Antifederalists

People who opposed the Constitution and believed in a weaker central government.

Legislative Representation

The Constitution provides for proportional representation in the U.S. House of Representatives and the seats in the House are apportioned based on state population according to the constitutionally mandated Census.

1st Admendment

freedom of speech, press, religon

2nd Amendment

Right to bear arms

3rd Amendment

No quartering of soldiers

4th Amendment

Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures

5th Amendment

The Right to Remain Silent/Double Jeopardy, right to due process

6th Amendment

Right to a speedy trial

7th Amendment

Right to trial by jury

8th Amendment

No cruel or unusual punishment

9th Amendment

Powers reserved to the people

10th Amendment

Powers Reserved to the States

American President during American revolution

Washington Adams Jefferson

Whiskey Rebellion

1794 protest against the government's tax on whiskey by backcountry farmers

Whiskey Rebellion Consequences

Washington summoned a militia from other states. Washington's government was now strengthened and commanded a new respect. Some condemned its brutal display of force, though only 3 rebels were killed

Bank Crisis

Congress wished to renew the legislation that allowed the national bank to exist. Jackson vetoed the bill and let the Second National Bank dissolve into smaller state banks.

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

Contains four parts: 1) Raised the residence requirement for American citizenship from 5 to 14 years. 2) Alien Act

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River

Federalists vs Democratic

Republicans

Democratic

Republicans

Timeline of Haitian Revolution

1791

Haitian Revolution created

Set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere + the world's second democratic republic (after the US).

Toussaint l'Ouverture

Haitian patriot and leader of the Haitian Revolution

Countries involved in the Haitian revolution

French,British and Spanish

Saint Domingue

Haiti half of island of Hispaniola; where the Toussaint L'Overture revolt occurred; cash crops of sugar,coffeee, cocoa + cotton

White Planters

Owned plantations & slaves; population of 40,000/1790

Free black in Haiti

Toussaint l'Ouverture was part of this class/ didn't have as many rights as white/ some owned slaves/ population \= 30,000

Enslaved Africans

population\= 500,00/ outnumber whites by 10: 1

In 1676

1800, Atlantic slave trade brought

Marooning

slaves escape to mountains and live off the land for survival

1789

1790

1791

1792

March 1793

the French assembly grants full rights and French citizenship to free blacks and mulattos. white planter class objects and further violence erupts. French send military forces and new governor to enact these measures.

1793

Great Britain and Spain enter the Haitian revolution. The British align with the white planter class and see the conflict as an opportunity to restore order and gain control of the lucrative colony. The Spanish controlled the other side of the island of Hispaniola and favored disruption in the colony. They side with Toussaint Louverture's forces and provide food, supplies, and military support.

1794

France issues a decree freeing all slaves in February. Louverture turns on the Spanish and fights for the French, now believing in their edict to free slaves and knowing the Spanish do not share the same ideals. Andre Riguard leads free black and mulatto forces in the south to fight against the British.

1795

1798

1799

1800

1801

L'Ouverture invades and captures Santo Domingo, the eastern half of the island of Hispaniola. He abolished slavery there and now rules over the entire island. L'Ouverture issues a constitution claiming autonomy from France.

1802

Napoleon sends brother

1803 Louisiana Purchase

In April Napoleon sells Louisiana territory and new orleans to US for 15 million, faces defeat in november. This purchase doubles the size of the us.

1804

Dessalines declares independence in january 1st, renames former colony Haiti.

Dessalines

Became leader of the Haitians after L'Ouverture was captured, under his leadership Haitians won independence from France.

Washington Presidency (1789

97)

Adams Presidency (1797

1801)

The Democratic

Republican Jefferson presidency (1801

French agreed to a treaty to recognize Haitian independence

in 1825 for a sum of nearly $21 billion in today's money

United states recognize haiti's independence

in 1862 during the US civil war

Two presidents of Haiti after 1807

Henry Christophe and Alexandre Pétion. In 1811, Christophe crowned himself king, ruling for nine years before his suicide in 1820. Studying Haiti's past provides insights into its present and future

Life after the Kingdom

President Jean

Attorney Ira Kurzban tried to recover the amount of money Haiti payed to France during

1825 to 1944

King Henry

against any agreement with France and did not want to pay any reparations to france.

Revolution

A major change

French Revolution

A major change in government that began in 1789; it brought an end to the absolute monarchy and a start to a representative government

Old Regime

A combination of the absolute monarchy and feudalism in France; it included the three estates

Estates

The social classes in France

First Estate

They consisted of the Roman Catholic Clergy; they received special privileges and paid no direct taxes

Second Estate

They consisted of the Nobles; they received special privileges and paid no direct taxes to the king

Third Estate

They consisted of the bourgeoisie, the san

Bourgeoisie

They were the urban middle

San

Culottes

Peasants

They were the rural poor; they were the farmers who paid about half of their income in taxes to the nobles, the church and other agents of the king

Estates

General

Vote by order

When each estate received one vote; this was favored by the First and Second Estates

Vote by Head

When each representative received one vote; this was favored by the Third Estate

June 17th, 1789

This is the date that the Third Estate voted to leave the Estates

Tennis Court Oath

A promise made by the members of the National Assembly to stay together until they had written a constitution for France; this was the first deliberate act of the revolution (treason)

Louis XVI

He was the king of France at the start of the revolution; he was weak and indecisive

Marie Antoinette

She was the queen of France at the start of the reevolution; she was from Austria and spent too much money on herself

Versailles

A palace built by Louis XIV outside of Paris; it was home to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

July 14th, 1789

This is the date that represents the symbolic start of the French Revolution; Parisians stormed the Bastille

Bastille

A medieval fort and prison in Paris used to store gun powder

Fall of the Bastille

Hundreds of hungry people stormed the prison in search of gunpowder to save Paris and the National Assembly; this was the symbolic start of the revolution

August 4th, 1789

This is the date the National Assembly ended the Old Regime, feudalism, church tithes and the special privileges of the First/Second Estates

Liberty, Fraternity, Equality

This was the slogan (battlecry) of the French Revolution

Legislative Assembly

This was the legislative branch of government that was elected in to power and voted to start a war with Austria; it was forced to step down from power