Biochem Topic 1

cells

contains tiny specialized structures called organelles that perform specific cellular functions

germ cells

small fraction of the trillion cells within our body

somatic cells

majority of the cells in our body

glycolysis

process wherein its main purpose is to produce ATP by metabolizing glucose

inside the cytoplasm

where does glycolysis occur

Adenosine Triphosphate

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

considered the currency of cells

electron transport chain

main pathway within the mitochondria wherein the cells can produce energy

31-36

1 glucose molecules produces __ ATP

nucleus

an organelle that houses all of the eukaryotic cell’s genome and acts as a center for controlling cellular activities

eukaryotic cells

nucleus is prominent in what types of cell

process of central dogma

DNA replication, transcription, and translation

central dogma

translate information from past generations into specific collections of proteins that give a cell its individual characteristics

chromatin

the form of our DNA if the cell is metabolically active

chromatin (2)

a threadlike material that undergoes coiling to form rodlike structures, called chromosomes

chromosomes

DNA stage wherein the cells are actively dividing

perinuclear space

space between the inner and outer nuclear membrane

nuclear lamina

structure within the nucleus where chromatin is attached/anchored to be stable

progeria

genetic condition which resulted from chromatin being detached to the nuclear lamina

nucleolus

produce the ribosomal RNA

ribosome

protein-manufacturing area

amino acids

building blocks of protein

nucleopores

does not allow the entry of large molecules like protein

small molecules

size of molecules that will less likely cause alterations in the DNA

retrograde
anterograde

types of protein

retrograde

once the cells produce proteins, it will go back to the cell for its own consumption

anterograde

proteins produced by the cells intended for other functions outside the cell

nuclear localization signal

required for protein to be able to enter the nucleus needed for the function of DNA

importin

the one that recognizes the NLS

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

was probably the first to observe nucleus in the blood cells of birds and amphibians

Felic Fontana

the actual discoverer of nucleus by observing epidermal cells of eel

Robert Brown

observed the nucleus in plant cells and was the first to call these structures ‘nuclei’

Robert Hooke

coined the term ‘cell’

100 trillion

a person contains about ____ cells

200

there are about ___ different cell types in mammals

0.002cm (20um)

cells measure about __ cm across

cell theory

a cornerstone of biology – which states that all organisms are made up of basic living units called cells and that cells come only from preexisting cells

hyperglycemia

stimulant of insulin production

golgi apparatus

packages and addresses proteins to their proper destinations (posttranslational modification)

golgi vesicles

encloses the mature proteins

cis phase
trans phase

two phases in the golgi apparatus

cis phase

phase wherein immature proteins enter the golgi apparatus

trans phase

phase wherein mature proteins exit the golgi apparatus

RER

biosynthesis of protein

cisternae

folding in the rough ER

SER

biosynthesis of lipids

smooth er

produce enzymes (cytochrome p450) that will detoxify the toxins in the liver

mitochondria

initiator of apoptosis

pseudopod

stage of amoeba that engulfs RBCS

cytosol

phagocytosis