ict chspter 1-3 igcsse

gl

hardware device 

• A hardware device is any physical part of a computer system — something you can see and touch.

• It includes input devices, output devices, storage devices, and processing components.  eg keyboard 

CPU

part of the computer that interprets and executes the commands from the computer hardware or software 

RAM 

chip where data is temporarily stored can be written and read from and is volatile, meaning it loses its contents when the computer is powered off.

ROM

chip that permanently stores data and is non-volatile, retaining its contents when the computer is powered off. cannot be changed can only be read from

BIOS

stores data time and system configuration used during the booting process to initialize hardware and load the operating system.

input device 

An input device is any hardware that is used to enter data or instructions into a computer. .can send data to another device cant recieve (complicated)

output device 

An output device allows the computer to communicate information to the user.

HDD

It is a physical component of the computer that stores all the data like photos documents pictures 

SDD

 is a type of data storage device that uses flash memory to store data., SSDs have no moving parts and store data electronically.

used to store the OS because they speed up boot times.

BACKING STORAGE

• is any non-volatile storage used to store data permanently.

• It keeps data even when the computer is switched off.

• It’s also called secondary storage (because it’s separate from main memory like RAM).

examples of backing storage

Solid-state storage:

• SSD (Solid-State Drive)

• USB Flash Drive

• Memory Card

internal memory

• Internal memory is the memory inside the computer that stores data temporarily while the computer is running.

• It is directly accessed by the CPU.

• It is usually volatile, meaning it loses all data when the computer is switched off.

Types of Internal Memory

RAM (Random Access Memory)

• Temporary storage for data and programs currently being used.

• Volatile – data is lost when power is off.

• The CPU reads and writes data quickly from RAM.

• More RAM = faster computer performance.

operating system or OS 

An Operating System (OS) is a set of programs that manages the hardware and software of a computer system.
It acts as a bridge between the user and the computer hardware.

Examples of Operating Systems

Laptop: Windows, macOS,os

os 4 type of user interface

CLI,GUI , dialogue based interface , getsure based interface 

CLI full name

command line interface

CLI definitionn

requires user to type command

GUI full name 

graphical user interface 

GUI 

allow user to interact with computer thru pic or symbol

advantages of cli

direct communication

not restricted to a number of pre-determened options 

disad for cli

all command typed in

command typed

GUI disad

interface uses up more computer memorythan CLI 

who would use CLI

programmer , analyst ,

who would use GUI

rune software play games somebody doesnt need pro skills