Studied by 9 people
- Caregiver-infant interactions in humans: reciprocity and interactional synchrony. Stages of attachment identified by Schaffer. Multiple attachments and the role of the father. - Animal studies of attachment: Lorenz and Harlow. - Explanations of attachment: learning theory and Bowlby’s monotropic theory. The concepts of a critical period and an internal working model. - Ainsworth’s ‘Strange Situation’. Types of attachment: secure, insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant. Cultural variations in attachment, including van Ijzendoorn. - Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation. Romanian orphan studies: effects of institutionalisation. - The influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships, including the role of an internal working model.
interactional synchrony / caregiverese / body contact / imitation / sensitive responsiveness / reciprocity
Caregiver-infant interactions in humans (AO1)
Examples:
I___________ _____________
C______________
B______ ________
I__________
S__________ _________
R___________
interactional synchrony
Caregiver-infant interactions in humans (AO1)
_____________: adults and babies responding at the same time, mirroring each others’ actions to sustain communication.
sensitive responsiveness
Caregiver-Infant Interactions in Humans (AO1)
____________: adults playing careful attention and responding appropriately.
reciprocity
Caregiver-infant interactions in humans (AO1)
____________: interaction flowing both ways, taking turns to respond to actions.
caregiverese / modulating pitch
Caregiver-infant interactions in humans (AO1)
____________: adult use of baby-talk (eg ___________ _______).
body contact
Caregiver-infant interactions in humans (AO1)
____________: skin to skin for bonding.
imitation
Caregiver-infant interactions in humans (AO1)
____________: direct copying.
Melzoff + Moore / 12-21 day / imitation / inter-rater reliability / scientific objectivity
Caregiver-Infant Interactions in Humans - _____________ (1977) (AO3)
Recordings of ___________ old infants responding to an experimenter were rated. Ratings showed copying of gestures such as sticking tongue out, opening-closing hand and opening mouth in shock.
Suggests: ____________ is possible at an early age as an attachment strategy.
Modern studies use multiple observers providing ____________ and a system of video cameras to document and slow down micro-sequences of interactions between caregivers and infants (adds _______________)
12-21 days old
How old were the infants in Melzoff + Moore’s investigation?
Shaffer + Emerson / longitudinal observation / asocial / 0 / 6 / indiscriminate / 6 / 7 / specific / 7 / primary caregiver / multiple attachment stage / 9 / decreases
Stages of attachment (AO1)
Identified by _____________ from a ______________ study.
1. ___________: __ to __ weeks - babies respond to objects in a way, similar to other humans, such as smiling.
2. ___________: __ weeks to __ months - handled by strangers without distress, discriminates between familiar and unfamiliar individuals, with a preference for familiar adults. No separation or stranger anxiety.
3. ___________: __+ months - separation and stranger anxiety. Preference to ______________ such as mum.
4. ___________: __+ months - attachment towards a number of individuals (brothers, sisters, grandparents). Fear of strangers ___________.
indiscriminate
Which attachement stage would a 6 week to 7 month infant fit into?
specific
Which attachement stage would a 7+ month infant fit into?
multiple
Which attachement stage would a 9+ month infant fit into?
asocial
Which attachement stage would a 0 to 6 week infant fit into?
interviews / stranger distress / stranger distress / multiple attachments / interaction / mundane realism / self-report / triangulation / cultural / temporal / Van Ijzendoorn
Stages of attachment (AO3) - Shaffer + Emerson (1964) Glaswgian babies study
60 babies studied.
Data collected monthly for 1 year (observations and __________ at home), follow up at 18 months.
Behaviours recorded, with ___________ showing ability to identify strangers and separation anxiety (discomfort when caregiver left the room), representing the attachment bond.
Found separation anxiety 25-32 weeks, ___________ 1 month later. At the follow up, most had __________. Strongest attachment with mothers who provided consistent ____________.
Suggests: development occurs in stages and quality of interaction leads to strength of attachment.
Study included a high level of _____________, families visited in their own home, strangers visiting would be normal. By incorporating __________, researchers used process of ________________.
Lack of c________ and t_________ validity, human childrearing cultures are variable (____________).
Schaffer / primary attachment / cultural / temporal / biological / Verissimo / sensitive responsiveness / social sensitivity
The Role of the Father
____________ (1964) found 60% of infants’ ____________ figure was mother. 30% mother and another (often father), only 3% with father-only.
EIther c_________ & t____________ reasons (1960’s working class Glasgow) or b___________ reasons lead fathers to having a less important role.
Importance of play: fathers constantly engage in stimulating, risk-taking interactions whereas mothers have a comforting style.
______________ et al (2011) - observations of preschoolers with mothers and fathers were compared to later social interactions at nursery. Strong attachment with father predicts high ability to make friends at school, indicating imporatance in socialisation.
Males can effectively take on a more maternal role (_______________).
_______________: women may feel as if their life choices are criticised, ie mothers returning to the workplace. Same applies to fathers and their providing as a primary caregiver.
Lorenz / imprinting / Greylag Goose / critical period / evolutionary
Animal studies of attachment: __________
(A01)
_____________- attachment to the first object encountered which causes them to follow it.
½ ____________ eggs hatched by researcher in an incubator and ½ by mother. They followed the object that they were hatched by. When both groups placed together, the researcher-attached species continued to follow him.
____________ (32 hours) shows that if no large moving object viewed, no attachment of this type will occur at all.
Suggestions: this is a strong ______________ feature which is solely determined by primary object, not other cues.
Lorenz / Harlow / Bowlby / critical periods / IWM / Harlow
Animal studies of Attachment: __________ (AO3)
This researcher and _________ influenced ________ in the development of the ideas regarding ___________ and the _____________ in humans.
Geese are evolutionarily very different to humans. __________’s use of monkeys may be a closer match to human psychology.
Lorenz
Who did a study on attachment using greylag geese?
32 hours
How long was Lorenz’s critical period?
Harlow / cupboard love / contact comfort / cloth / wire / stress-related / mating / nature
Animal studies of Attachment: __________ (AO1)
Tested “ ______________” (babies loving their mothers due to feeding) but suggested “_____________” (innate desire for physical contact being the basis of attachment).
16 monkeys were removed from their biological mothers and placed in cages with surrogate mothers (these were a combination of wire an/or cloth mothers that provided milk or did not).
Monkeys with ______ mothers preferred its company, even if the ______ mother provided milk.
Monkeys with cloth mothers demonstrated confidence in novel situations; monkeys without access to cloth mothers showed signs of _____-______ illness- follow-up studies show that maternal deprivation resulted in permanent mental disorders (difficulties in ________ behaviour and raising their own offspring).
Infants have a biological (________) need for physical contact- will attach to whatever provides comfort.
Harlow
Who did a study on attachment using monkeys?
infants become attached to mothers due to meeting physical needs
What is the cupboard love theory?
innate desire for physical contact being basis of attachment / Harlow
What is the contact comfort theory? Who suggested this?
Harlow / ethical / generalisation / cost-benefit
Animal Studies of Attachment: __________ (AO3)
__________ concerns over suffering, orphaning and subjection to high levels of stress for the monkeys led to a negative view of psychology, however instigated changes to standards.
_____________ from monkeys to human infants is problematic.
Has been applied to early childcare. Social service workers investigating cases of infant neglect. Benefits of millions of humans may justify the study in ____________ analysis.
learning theory / Cupboard love / physical / classical / operant
Explanations of Attachment: ______________ (AO1)
Doland + Miller (1950): _______________ theory - children become attached to their caregiver because they learn the caregivers meet ____________ needs.
____________ conditioning: learning by association. When 2 stimuli are presented together multiple times, eg food (unconditioned stimulus) and the mother (conditioned stimulus). Now, the pleasure (unconditioned response) happens whenever the mother appears.
___________ conditioning: learning by trial and error (consequences). Pleasurable ones for this (eg food) for crying behaviour acts as positive reinforcement, making crying behaviour more frequent. Stopping the crying when food is produced is negative reinforcement for the parents.
Dolland + Miller
Who suggested the learning theory in 1950?
unconditioned stimulus / unconditioned response / neutral stimulus
In classical conditioning and attachment…
what is the food?
what is the pleasure?
what is the caregiver?
learning theory / face validity / environmentally reductionist / S-R / Harlow / cupboard love / Bowlby / monotropic
Explanations of Attachment: ______________ (AO3)
Supported by a significant amount of well-controlled research. Has __________, it 'makes sense’ that babies would cry more if they learnt it gained them attention/food.
_______________ _______________, explaining the complex infant-caregiver interactions and emotions as the result of simplistic processes like ______ links and patterns of reinforcement.
_________’s infant monkeys did not attach on to the surrogate wire monkey that provided milk, but to a cloth mother that did not procide milk, but provided contact comfort (rejecting ideas on _____________)
Contrast with _________’s ___________ theory.
simplistic processes / S-R links / patterns of reinforcement
The learning theory is environmentally reductionist. How does it explain complex infant-caregiver interactions and emotions? Give two examples.
face validity
Which type of validity does the learning theory have?
learning theory
What theory does Bowlby’s monotropy contrast in explaining attachment?
learning by trial & error
What is operant conditioning?
behaviourist
Which approach in psychology does Doland + Miller’s learning theory align to?
imprinting / Harlow / critical period / internal working model / safe base / social releasers
Explanations of attachment: Bowlby’s monotropic theory (AO1)
Evolution: babies have an innate attachment drive to survive, security = survival. Babies stay close to one parent (usually the mother). This is based on Lorenz’s _____________ and _________’s contact comfort theories.
______________: attachment must happen in the first 2-3 years. Failing results in long-lasting social consequences.
______________: attachment to mother provides blueprint for future relationships. This model is a guide on if people can be trusted/ if relationships are loving. This is from Freud + Harlow.
Strength of attachment: strong if care is consistent and weak if frequent (long separation). Shown by _______ ________ behaviour (using the mother for this, to explore); stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.
________________: babies instinctively use signals (crying, smiling, vocalisation) that adults are biologically programmed to find cute (distressing, giving attention / attachment).
Lorenz’s imprinting theory / Harlow’s contact comfort theory
Which two theories did Bowlby base his hypothesis on?
Bowlby / Freud / Harlow
Who suggested the Internal Working Model? Which two researchers’ works was this based on?
Bowlby’s monotropic theory / Lorenz / generalisability / Alpha bias / temporal validity / continuity hypothesis / developmental IWM / deterministic / Heidi Bailey et al
Explanations of attachment: ________________ (AO3)
Based on __________. Imprinting studies on geese demonstrate strength of attachment to a single caregiver, explained evolutionally by significant survival advantages. Findings of animal studies lacks ________________.
___________: exaggerates father-mother differences. Suggestive of father’s role as resource production. Lacks ____________, as men are now more equal in the home and women in work.
Leads to the ________________, adult relationships are predicted by infant’s attachment due to the ____________. This is ___________, people like to think that they have full conscious control over their relationships.
H______________.
attachment relationships / IWM
Explanations of Attachment: Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory - Heidi Bailey et al (2007) (AO3)
Assessed ___________________ with 99 mothers and 1 year old infants, studying own mothers and the attachment quality with babies.
Findings - those with poor attachment to their own mothers were more likely to have poorly attached babies.
This shows support for the ________.
Ainsworth / strange situation / proximity / reunion / sensitive responsiveness / structured
_____________’s ______________ and types of attachment (AO1)
Suggested behaviours indicate attachment strength. The researcher looked at: ___________ to mother, exploration/secure base, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, __________ response and the _________________ of the mother to infant needs.
This researcher conducted his experimentation (1970) with infants (12-18 months) and mothers. ___________ observation in a controlled lab setting where infants’ behaviour in response to a stranger and mothers’ actions recorded.
Categories identified: (A) insecure avoidant, (B) secure, (C) insecure resistant.
insecure avoidant / A / low / low / low
Types of attachment (AO1) - _______________ (__)
Keeps a distance from mother, not using her as a secure base, but exploring
______ stranger anxiety and ______ separation anxiety
_______ sensitive responsiveness from mother.
secure / high / low / high
Types of attachment (AO1) - _______________
Uses mother as a safe base as they explore
______ stranger anxiety and ______ separation anxiety
_______ sensitive responsiveness from mother.
insecure resistant / C / high / high / inconsistent
Types of attachment (AO1) - _______________ (__)
Won’t explore, inconsistent in wanting closeness or distance from mother
______ stranger anxiety and ______ separation anxiety
_______ sensitive responsiveness from mother.
Ainsworth / strange situation / standardised / diagnostic / cultural bias
_____________’s ______________ and types of attachment (AO3)
Highly controlled observational study with a clear _______________ procedure for replication.
Well respected and standard _____________ tool used to measure infant-caregiver relationships.
Attachment types may favour certain groups, therefore the theory could suffer from ____________.
The observations are only a snapshot of behaviour, not taking into consideration relationship with others or home behaviours.
Ainsworth’s Strange Situation and Types of Attachment - Main & Solomon (AO3)
Proposed type D, insecure-disorganised attachment through analysis of several hundred strange Situation episodes.
The attachment system impels a child to seek their caregiver when alarmed, so experiences of the caregiver themselves as a source of alarm create conflict for the child between two incompatible motivation systems – approach towards and withdrawal from the caregiver.
In relation to Bowlby’s theory, disorganization results from threat conflict, safe haven ambiguity, and/or activation without assuagement, which interfere with coordination and integration across a behavioral system.
Van Ijzendoorn et al found 15% of infants classed as type D.
7 categorical indices
Sequential displays of contradictory behavior
Simultaneous display of contradictory behavior
Undirected, misdirected, or incomplete movements
Stereotypes, mistimed movements, and anomalous postures
Freezing or stilling
Display of apprehension of the caregiver
Overt signs of disorientation
meta-analysis / insecure resistant / insecure avoidant / insecure resistant / Germany / Japan & Israel / China / German / independent / self-reliance / Japanese
Cultural Variations in Attachment (AO1)
Van Ijzendoorn + Kroonenberg (1988): ___________, 2000 infants, 32 studies of strange situtation in 8 countries.
Findings:
In all countries, secure attachment was the most common type; ________________ attachment was the least common type.
___________________ attachment was more common in Western cultures; _______________ attachment in non-Western cultures.
There was more variation between studies within a country than within cultures.
Most type A (35%): ___________; most type C (27% & 29%): __________________; least type B (50%): ____________.
In the UK: A = 22%, B = 75%, C = 3%.
Conclusion: globally preferred attachment style. Differences in parenting styles effect types of attachment. EG: _________ families value ___________ children and type A reflects _________. ___________ families spend significant time with children, showing more extreme reactions to separation.
Simonella / secure / 50 / 36 / meta analyses / B / Bowlby
Cultural Variations in Attachment (AO3)
___________ (2014) strange situation on 76 modern Italian families. Lower rate of ___________ attachment type than in historical Italian families, down to _____%, and a much higher rate, _____%, of A. Suggests a healthy shift to independant children that can cope with changing demands of modern life.
___________ mean that poorly conducted, anomalous studies only have a small effect on overall results, increasing validity.
Dominant __ style supports ________’s theory that there is a biological instinctive drive to parents in a way that produces secure attachments.
Bowlby / maternal deprivation / monotropy / continuity hypothesis / IWM
___________’s theory of ___________ (AO1)
____________: unique attachment bond that develops between infant and mother which is needed for healthy psychological development. Conversely, this theory investigates not receiving suitable emotional care from a maternal figure.
______________: lack of ____ for relationships leads to an unsuccessful childhood, adult relationships and issues with own parenting skills.
Bowlby / maternal deprivation / 30 / deliquency / affectionless psychopathy / low IQ / guilt for harmful actions
___________’s theory of ___________ (AO1)
If adequate attachment isn’t formed within _____ months of birth, there are negative intellectual and emotional consequences:
____________- due to delayed social development, behaviour is often outside acceptable norms, such as petty theft.
____________ - due to delayed emotional development, children are unable to show caring behaviours to others or empathise.
_____________ - due to delayed intellectual development, general cognitive abilities are lower than peers.
Low levels of ______________.
protest / despair / detachment / PDD model
What did Bowlby suggest happened in the disruption effect (in order)? What is the model called?
anger internalisation / little response to offers of comfort so self-comfort
According to Bowlby’s disruption effect, what is the result of despair? What are components of this?
detachment / infant resumes responses to other people warily, maybe rejecting caregiver on return / signs of anger
What is the last stage of the disruption effect? What is this? What does the infant continue to display?
Barrett
Who emphasised the role of individual differences in short-term detachment, arguing that infants who are securely attached and more mature may cope better with separation?
Bowlby / maternal deprivation / control group / affectionless psychopathy / maternal deprivation / correlational
___________’s theory of ___________ (AO3)
In 1944, 44 children who were accused of theft and and a __________ of 44 emotionally-disturbed non-thieves were interviewed. _____________ ____________ was assessed, and parents were contact to identify periods of seperation with their mothers. In the thieves group, 14/44 matched the criteria and 0/44 in the other group. 12/14 of them experienced prolonged seperation. Suggests: this condition that led to deliquent behaviour is linked to _______ __________.
44 thieves study is _______________- there may be a third factor such as extreme poverty, family history or poor mental health.
Led to changes in child welfare policies for institutions, such as visiting time for mothers in hospitals.
retrospective / accurate recall of past events
How can evidence from Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation be described? What does this rely on?
self-diagnosed affectionless psychopathy / sampling
What are 2 examples of bias seen by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study?
Furstenberg + Kiernan
Who discovered that children who have experienced divorce suffer not only emotionally, but also in terms of emotional wellbeing, academic attainment and physical health?
emotional wellbeing / academic attainment / physical health
What did Furstenberg + Kiernan discover to be the effects of divorce?
children experiencing 2+ divorces have lowest adjustment rates & most behavioural problems
What did Rogers + Pryor find?
Rogers + Pryor
Who found that children who experience 2+ divorces have lowest adjustment rates & most behavioural problems?
9 days / residential nursery / John / PDD / alternative attachment / routine
Bowlby’s Theory of Maternal Deprivation - Short-Term Separation: Robertson + Robertson (AO3)
A child who had a close and stable relationship with his mother experienced severe distress when he spent _________ in a __________________ following his mother’s hospitalisation.
On his mother’s return, _______ appeared confused and tried to get away from her. These negative effects were evident years later.
He appeared to have gone through the stages of the ________ model and suffered serious, irreversible damage. This supported Bowlby’s theory.
The researchers took children facing short-term separations into their own home, providing them with an ___________________ as well as __________ - avoiding severe psychological damage.
children in institutions performed poorly on IQ tests but improved by 30 points if institution provides emotional care
What did Skodak + Skeels suggest?
Hetherington + Stanley-Hagen
Who found that few children suffer long-term adjustment problems and that most adapt to their change in circumstances, rejecting Schaffer’s findings?
Richards
Who concluded that while attachment disruption through divorce is more likely to result in resentment and stress, death of an attachment figure is more likely to lead to depression?
institutionalisation / deinvidualisation / Bowlby / deprivation / privation / longitudinal
Romanian Orphan Studies (AO1)
Extended stays altering normal functioning, such as adopting rules and norms, is known as _______________- resulting in ____________ and factors identified by ________ (affectionless psychopathy, deliquency and low IQ).
_____________ is loss/damage to an attachment (through not receiving suitable emotional care from primary caregiver). __________ is the total lack of development of any attachment bond.
Fall of the communist government (1989) revealed conditions of 300,000, suffering from privation (after a lack of physical and emotional care, where many were abused)
Rutter (2011) conducted a ___________ study of UK-adopted Romanian ex-orphans.
Rutter
Who conducted a longitudinal study of UK-adopted Romanian ex-orphans in 2011?
Romanian orphan studies / institutionalised / sociable / Goldfarb / IQ / social skills / Hodges & Tizard
_____________ (AO3)
Research resulted in changed policies around adoption and care in _________________ settings.
Infants not randomly assigned. When adopted, ____________ infants may have been picked first.
_____________ (1947) showed early fostering in 15 British children led to higher _____ and ____________.
_________________ (1989) found children adopted into new caring familues coped better on measures of behavioural and peer relationships than children returned to original, abusive families.
IWM / continuity hypothesis / Ainsworth / secure / Main / Myron-Wilson
Early Attachment on Childhood and Adult Relationships (AO1)
______: a schema based on attachment to the primary caregiver as an infant. This acts as a template for how relationships work, such as if people can be trusted or if relationships are loving. The _________ suggests future relationships will be shaped by this template.
Hazan + Shaver suggest adult relationships are a continuation of __________’s infant types (A,B,C). Children with _________ attachment type (B) will go on to be more socially capable in childhood relationships.
M________ et al: developed the adult attachment interview to identify IWM. The types identified predict relationship style with own children.
M_______________
dismissing / autonomous / preoccupied / unresolved / trauma
Early attachment on Childhood and Adult Relationships (AO1) - Main et al
Developed the adult attachment interview to identify IWM. This predict relationship style with own children. Types:
D__________
A_________
P_________
U__________ (child ______).
adult attachment interview / IWM
What did Main et al develop? What did this identify?
Hazan + Shaver
Who suggested adult relationships are a continuation of Ainsworth’s attachment types?
Hazan + Shaver / 56 / 25 / 19
Early Attachment on Childhood and Adult Relationships (AO1) - __________________’s "Love Quiz" (1987)
620 participants responded to a newspaper love quiz. Questions included feelings on romance and categorised participants' adult relationship styles into…
Secure, those who looked for a balance between closeness and independence.
Avoidant, participants who avoided intimacy.
Anxious, those who couldn't cope well with independence.
The questionnaire also assessed childhood attachment type.
_____% had secure adult relationships.
_____% were anxious-avoidant.
_____% were anxious-resistant.
Correlation between adult and child attachment types. Securely attached adults believed love was long-lasting, reported happiness in their relationships and tended not to get divorced. Insecure types reported more loneliness. These results suggest a link between early attachment and adult relationships.
Myron-Wilson / 196 / parental warmth / parental neglect / parental punitiveness
Early Attachment on Childhood & Adult Relationships (AO1) - ________________ (1998)
Assessed _______ children with an average age of 9 for indications of bullying or victimhood, as well as assessing parenting style.
Findings
Those assessed as bullies had low scores in _______________ and high scores in _________________.
Those assessed as victims scored highly on ___________________.
Suggestions: parental attachment styles can directly influence their childhood relationships with their peers.
Verissimo / B / IWM / alternate temperament hypothesis / continuity hypothesis / deterministic
Early attachment on Childhood and Adult relationships (AO3)
_____________ et al (2011) showed a strong attachment to father predicts high ability to make friends at school.
McCarthy (1999) showed adult women assessed as type ___ in infancy had the most stable adult relationships.
Practical applications in schools, altering ____ to address issues such as bullying and loneliness in childhood. Helps children acheive relationship stability in later adulthood.
Kagan suggests the _____________ which shows how infants have an innate biological personality, thus resulting in infant-caregiver and adult relationships.
____________ is highly __________. This theory could make people feel doomed to poor relationships.
alternate temperament hypothesis
What is the term for infants having an innate biological personality?
McCarthy
Who suggested in 1999 that adult women assessed as having a secure attachment type (B) in infancy had the most stable adult relationships?
Kagan
Who suggested the alternate temperament hypothesis?
Rutler / longitudinal / control group / privation / sensitive period / critical period
Romanian Orphan Studies (AO1)
____________ (2011) conducted a ___________ study of UK-adopted Romanian ex-orphans. They were put into groups of being adopted at the ages of less than 6 months, between 6 and 24 months, or more than 24 months. This was compared against against a _______________ of British adoptees. They were assessed at 4, 6, 11, 15 years old.
Suggestions: Adoption within 6 months avoids effects of _________. Some recoveries show it to be a _______________, not a ____________.
disinhibited
Romanian Orphan Studies (AO1) - Assessment at Age 6
Infants adopted more than 6 months showed ___________ attachment, an overly friendly behaviour to strange adults.
delayed intellectual development / quasi-autism
Romanian Orphan Studies (AO1) - Assessment at Age 11
infants adopted more than 6 months showed significantly _____________. Those adopted more than 24 months had an IQ average of 77. There were some cases of __________ (problems understanding meaning of social context).
4 / 6 / 11 / 15
At what ages were there assessements in Rutler’s longitudinal Romanian orphan studies?
77 / 102
In their assessment at age 11, what was the IQ average for children adopted more than 24 months old? What was the IQ average for children adopted at less than 6 months old?
Note
Flashcard