Studied by 14 people
- Caregiver-infant interactions in humans: reciprocity and interactional synchrony. Stages of attachment identified by Schaffer. Multiple attachments and the role of the father. - Animal studies of attachment: Lorenz and Harlow. - Explanations of attachment: learning theory and Bowlby’s monotropic theory. The concepts of a critical period and an internal working model. - Ainsworth’s ‘Strange Situation’. Types of attachment: secure, insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant. Cultural variations in attachment, including van Ijzendoorn. - Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation. Romanian orphan studies: effects of institutionalisation. - The influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships, including the role of an internal working model.
interactional synchrony / caregiverese / modulating pitch / body contact
Human Caregiver-Infant Interaction (AO1)
__________________ - adults and babies responding at the same time, mirroring each others’ actions to sustain communication.
______________ - adult use of baby-talk (eg __________________).
_________________ - skin to skin for bonding.
imitation / sensitive responsiveness / reciprocity
Human Caregiver-Infant Interaction (AO1)
______________ - direct copying.
______________________ - adults playing careful attention and responding appropriately.
_____________ - interaction flowing both ways, taking turns to respond to actions.
Melzoff + Moore / 12-21 day / imitation / inter rater reliability / scientific objectivity
Human Caregiver-Infant Interaction - _____________ (1977) (AO3)
Recordings of ___________ old infants responding to an experimenter were rated. Ratings showed copying of gestures such as sticking tongue out, opening-closing hand and opening mouth in shock.
Suggests ____________ is possible at an early age as an attachment strategy.
Modern studies use multiple observers providing ____________ and a system of video cameras to document and slow down micro-sequences of interactions between caregivers and infants (adds _______________)
12-21d
How old were the infants in Melzoff + Moore’s investigation?
Schaffer + Emerson / asocial / 0 / 6 / indiscriminate / 6 / 7 / specific / 7 / multiple / 9
____________________’s Attachment Stages (AO1)
___________ (__ to __ weeks) - babies respond to objects in a way, similar to other humans, such as smiling.
___________ (__ weeks to __ months) - handled by strangers without distress, discriminates between humans and objects as well as familiar and unfamiliar individuals, with a preference for familiar adults; no separation or stranger anxiety.
___________ (__+ months) - separation and stranger anxiety; preference to primary caregiver such as mum.
___________ (__+ months) - attachment towards a number of individuals (brothers, sisters, grandparents); stranger fear decreases.
asocial / indiscriminate / specific / multiple
Schaffer + Emerson’s Attachment Stages (AO1)
Which attachement stage would a 0 to 6 week infant fit into?
Which attachement stage would a 6 week to 7 month infant fit into?
Which attachement stage would a 7+ month infant fit into?
Which attachement stage would a 9+ month infant fit into?
interviews / stranger distress / stranger distress / multiple attachments / interaction / mundane realism / self report / triangulation / cultural / temporal / Van Ijzendoorn
Schaffer + Emerson’s Attachment Stages - Glaswegian Babies Study (AO3)
60 babies studied.
Data collected monthly for 1 year (observations and __________ at home), follow up at 18 months.
Behaviours recorded, with ___________ showing ability to identify strangers and separation anxiety (discomfort when caregiver left the room), representing the attachment bond.
Found separation anxiety 25-32 weeks, ___________ 1 month later. At the follow up, most had __________. Strongest attachment with mothers who provided consistent ____________.
Suggests: development occurs in stages and quality of interaction leads to strength of attachment.
Study included a high level of _____________, families visited in their own home, strangers visiting would be normal. By incorporating __________, researchers used process of ________________.
Lack of c________ and t_________ validity, human childrearing cultures are variable (____________).
cultural / temporal / biological / sensitive responsiveness / social sensitivity
The Father’s Role (AO1)
EIther c_________ & t____________ reasons (1960’s working class Glasgow) or b___________ reasons lead fathers to having a less important role.
Importance of play - fathers constantly engage in stimulating, risk-taking interactions whereas mothers have a comforting style.
Males can effectively take on a more maternal role (_______________).
_______________ - women may feel as if their life choices are criticised, ie mothers returning to the workplace; same applies to fathers and their provision as a primary caregiver.
Verissimo
The Father’s Role - _____________ (2011) (AO1)
Observations of preschoolers with mothers and fathers were compared to later social interactions at nursery.
Strong attachment with father predicts high ability to make friends at school, indicating importance in socialisation.
Schaffer / 60% / primary attachment / 30% / 3%
The Father’s Role - _____________ (1964) (AO1)
Found _____ of infants’ ____________ figure was mother.
_____ mother and another (often father).
Only _____ with father-only.
Lorenz / imprinting / Greylag Goose / critical period / evolutionary
Animal Attachment Studies - __________ (A01)
_____________- attachment to the first object encountered which causes them to follow it.
½ ____________ eggs hatched by researcher in an incubator and ½ by mother. They followed the object that they were hatched by. When both groups placed together, the researcher-attached species continued to follow him.
____________ (32 hours) shows that if no large moving object viewed, no attachment of this type will occur at all.
Suggestions: this is a strong ______________ feature which is solely determined by primary object, not other cues.
Lorenz / Harlow / Bowlby / critical periods / IWM / Harlow
Animal Attachment Studies - __________ (AO3)
This researcher and _________ influenced ________ in the development of the ideas regarding ___________ and the _____________ in humans.
Geese are evolutionarily very different to humans. __________’s use of monkeys may be a closer match to human psychology.
Lorenz
Who did a study on attachment using greylag geese?
32 hours
How long was Lorenz’s critical period?
Harlow / cupboard love / contact comfort / cloth / wire / stress-related / mating / nature
Animal Attachment Studies - __________ (AO1)
Tested “ ______________” (babies loving their mothers due to feeding) but suggested “_____________” (innate desire for physical contact being the basis of attachment).
16 monkeys were removed from their biological mothers and placed in cages with surrogate mothers (these were a combination of wire an/or cloth mothers that provided milk or did not).
Monkeys with ______ mothers preferred its company, even if the ______ mother provided milk.
Monkeys with cloth mothers demonstrated confidence in novel situations; monkeys without access to cloth mothers showed signs of _____-______ illness- follow-up studies show that maternal deprivation resulted in permanent mental disorders (difficulties in ________ behaviour and raising their own offspring).
Infants have a biological (________) need for physical contact- will attach to whatever provides comfort.
Harlow
Who did a study on attachment using Rhesus Monkeys?
infants become attached to mothers due to meeting physical needs
What is the cupboard love theory?
innate desire for physical contact being attachment basis / Harlow
What is the contact comfort theory? Who suggested this?
Harlow / ethical / generalisation / cost benefit
Animal Attachment Studies - __________ (AO3)
__________ concerns over suffering, orphaning and subjection to high levels of stress for the monkeys led to a negative view of psychology, however instigated changes to standards.
_____________ from monkeys to human infants is problematic.
Has been applied to early childcare. Social service workers investigating cases of infant neglect. Benefits of millions of humans may justify the study in ____________ analysis.
learning theory / Cupboard love / physical / classical / operant
Attachment Explanations - ______________ (AO1)
Doland + Miller (1950): _______________ theory - children become attached to their caregiver because they learn the caregivers meet ____________ needs.
____________ conditioning: learning by association. When 2 stimuli are presented together multiple times, eg food (unconditioned stimulus) and the mother (conditioned stimulus). Now, the pleasure (unconditioned response) happens whenever the mother appears.
___________ conditioning: learning by trial and error (consequences). Pleasurable ones for this (eg food) for crying behaviour acts as positive reinforcement, making crying behaviour more frequent. Stopping the crying when food is produced is negative reinforcement for the parents.
Dolland + Miller
Who suggested the learning theory in 1950?
UCS / UCR / NS
In classical conditioning and attachment…
what is the food?
what is the pleasure?
what is the caregiver?
learning theory / face validity / environmental reductionism / SR / Harlow / cupboard love / Bowlby / monotropic
Attachment Explanations - ______________ (AO3)
Supported by a significant amount of well-controlled research. Has __________, it 'makes sense’ that babies would cry more if they learnt it gained them attention/food.
________________________ - explaining the complex infant-caregiver interactions and emotions as the result of simplistic processes like ______ links and patterns of reinforcement.
_________’s infant monkeys did not attach on to the surrogate wire monkey that provided milk, but to a cloth mother that did not procide milk, but provided contact comfort (rejecting ideas on _____________)
Contrast with _________’s ___________ theory.
simplistic processes / SR links / reinforcement patterns
The learning theory is environmentally reductionist. How does it explain complex infant-caregiver interactions and emotions? Give two examples.
face validity
Which type of validity does the learning theory have?
learning theory
What theory does Bowlby’s monotropy contrast in explaining attachment?
learning by trial & error
What is operant conditioning?
behaviourism
Which approach in psychology does Doland + Miller’s learning theory align to?
imprinting / Harlow / critical period / IWM / safe base / social releasers
Attachment Explanations - Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory (AO1)
Evolution: babies have an innate attachment drive to survive, security = survival. Babies stay close to one parent (usually the mother). This is based on Lorenz’s _____________ and _________’s contact comfort theories.
______________: attachment must happen in the first 2-3 years. Failing results in long-lasting social consequences.
______________: attachment to mother provides blueprint for future relationships. This model is a guide on if people can be trusted/ if relationships are loving. This is from Freud + Harlow.
Strength of attachment: strong if care is consistent and weak if frequent (long separation). Shown by _______ ________ behaviour (using the mother for this, to explore); stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.
________________: babies instinctively use signals (crying, smiling, vocalisation) that adults are biologically programmed to find cute (distressing, giving attention / attachment).
Lorenz’s imprinting / Harlow’s contact comfort
Which two theories did Bowlby base his hypothesis on?
Bowlby / Freud / Harlow
Who suggested the Internal Working Model? Which two researchers’ works was this based on?
Bowlby’s monotropic theory / Lorenz / generalisability / Alpha bias / temporal validity / continuity hypothesis / developmental IWM / deterministic / Heidi Bailey et al
Attachment Explanations - ________________ (AO3)
Based on __________. Imprinting studies on geese demonstrate strength of attachment to a single caregiver, explained evolutionally by significant survival advantages. Findings of animal studies lacks ________________.
___________: exaggerates father-mother differences. Suggestive of father’s role as resource production. Lacks ____________, as men are now more equal in the home and women in work.
Leads to the ________________, adult relationships are predicted by infant’s attachment due to the ____________. This is ___________, people like to think that they have full conscious control over their relationships.
H______________.
Heidi Bailey / attachment relationships / IWM
Attachment Explanations - Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory: ______________ et al (2007) (AO3)
Assessed ___________________ with 99 mothers and 1 year old infants, studying own mothers and the attachment quality with babies.
Findings - those with poor attachment to their own mothers were more likely to have poorly attached babies.
This shows support for the ________.
Ainsworth / strange situation / proximity / reunion / sensitive responsiveness / structured
_____________’s ______________ & Attachment Types (AO1)
Suggested behaviours indicate attachment strength. The researcher looked at: ___________ to mother, exploration/secure base, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, __________ response and the _________________ of the mother to infant needs.
This researcher conducted his experimentation (1970) with infants (12-18 months) and mothers. ___________ observation in a controlled lab setting where infants’ behaviour in response to a stranger and mothers’ actions recorded.
Categories identified: (A) insecure avoidant, (B) secure, (C) insecure resistant.
insecure avoidant / A / low / low / low
Attachment Types - _______________ (__) (AO1)
Keeps a distance from mother, not using her as a secure base, but exploring.
______ stranger anxiety and ______ separation anxiety.
_______ sensitive responsiveness from mother.
secure / B / high / low / high
Attachment Types - _______________ (__) (AO1)
Uses mother as a safe base as they explore
______ stranger anxiety and ______ separation anxiety
_______ sensitive responsiveness from mother.
insecure resistant / C / high / high / inconsistent
Attachment Types - _______________ (__) (AO1)
Won’t explore, inconsistent in wanting closeness or distance from mother
______ stranger anxiety and ______ separation anxiety
_______ sensitive responsiveness from mother.
Ainsworth / strange situation / standardised / diagnostic / cultural bias
_____________’s ______________ & Attachment Types (AO3)
Highly controlled observational study with a clear _______________ procedure for replication.
Well respected and standard _____________ tool used to measure infant-caregiver relationships.
Attachment types may favour certain groups, therefore the theory could suffer from ____________.
The observations are only a snapshot of behaviour, not taking into consideration relationship with others or home behaviours.
Main + Solomon / 2 incompatible motivation systems / coordination & integration across behavioural system
Ainsworth’s Strange Situation & Attacgment Types - ___________________ (AO3)
Proposed type D, insecure-disorganised attachment through analysis of several hundred strange Situation episodes.
The attachment system impels a child to seek their caregiver when alarmed, so experiences of the caregiver themselves as a source of alarm create conflict for the child between ______________________________ - approach towards and withdrawal from the caregiver.
In relation to Bowlby’s theory, disorganiation results from threat conflict, safe haven ambiguity, and/or activation without assuagement, which interfere with _________________________________.
threat conflict / safe haven ambiguity / activation without assuagement
In relation to Bowlby’s theory, what causes disorganisation (type D)?
15% / sequential / simultaneous / anomalous postures / apprehension
Ainsworth’s Strange Situation & Attacgment Types - Main + Solomon (AO3)
Van Ijzendoorn et al found ______ of infants classed as type D.
Categorical indices:
_____________ or ____________ displays of contradictory behavior.
Undirected, misdirected, or incomplete movements
Stereotypes, mistimed movements, and ______________________.
Freezing or stilling.
Display of ___________________ of the caregiver.
Overt signs of disorientation.
meta analysis / insecure resistant / insecure avoidant / insecure resistant / Germany / Japan & Israel / China / German / independent / self reliance / Japanese
Attachment Cultural Variations (AO1)
Van Ijzendoorn + Kroonenberg (1988): ___________, 2000 infants, 32 studies of strange situtation in 8 countries.
Findings:
In all countries, secure attachment was the most common type; ________________ attachment was the least common type.
___________________ attachment was more common in Western cultures; _______________ attachment in non-Western cultures.
There was more variation between studies within a country than within cultures.
Most type A (35%): ___________; most type C (27% & 29%): __________________; least type B (50%): ____________.
In the UK: A = 22%, B = 75%, C = 3%.
Conclusion: globally preferred attachment style. Differences in parenting styles effect types of attachment. EG: _________ families value ___________ children and type A reflects _________. ___________ families spend significant time with children, showing more extreme reactions to separation.
Simonella / secure / 50 / 36 / meta analyses / B / Bowlby
Attachment Cultural Variations - ___________ (2014) (AO3)
Strange situation on 76 modern Italian families. Lower rate of ___________ attachment type than in historical Italian families, down to _____%, and a much higher rate, _____%, of A. Suggests a healthy shift to independant children that can cope with changing demands of modern life.
___________ mean that poorly conducted, anomalous studies only have a small effect on overall results, increasing validity.
Dominant __ style supports ________’s theory that there is a biological instinctive drive to parents in a way that produces secure attachments.
Bowlby’s maternal deprivation / monotropy / continuity hypothesis / IWM
____________________ Theory (AO1)
____________: unique attachment bond that develops between infant and mother which is needed for healthy psychological development. Conversely, this theory investigates not receiving suitable emotional care from a maternal figure.
______________: lack of ____ for relationships leads to an unsuccessful childhood, adult relationships and issues with own parenting skills.
Bowlby’s maternal deprivation / 30 / deliquency / affectionless psychopathy / low IQ / guilt for harmful actions
____________________ Theory (AO1)
If adequate attachment isn’t formed within _____ months of birth, there are negative intellectual and emotional consequences:
____________- due to delayed social development, behaviour is often outside acceptable norms, such as petty theft.
____________ - due to delayed emotional development, children are unable to show caring behaviours to others or empathise.
_____________ - due to delayed intellectual development, general cognitive abilities are lower than peers.
Low levels of ______________.
protest / despair / detachment / PDD model
What did Bowlby suggest happened in the disruption effect (in order)? What is the model called?
anger internalisation / little response to comfort offers so self comfort
According to Bowlby’s disruption effect, what is the result of despair? What does this lead to?
detachment / infant resumes responses to others warily, maybe rejecting caregiver on return / anger signs
What is the last stage of the disruption effect? What is this? What does the infant continue to display?
Barrett
Who emphasised the role of individual differences in short-term detachment, arguing that infants who are securely attached and more mature may cope better with separation?
Bowlby’s maternal deprivation / control group / affectionless psychopathy / maternal deprivation / correlational
______________________ Theory (AO3)
In 1944, 44 children who were accused of theft and and a __________ of 44 emotionally-disturbed non-thieves were interviewed. _____________ ____________ was assessed, and parents were contact to identify periods of seperation with their mothers.
In the thieves group, 14/44 matched the criteria and 0/44 in the other group. 12/14 of them experienced prolonged seperation.
Suggests this condition that led to deliquent behaviour is linked to _______ __________.
44 thieves study is _______________- there may be a third factor such as extreme poverty, family history or poor mental health.
Led to changes in child welfare policies for institutions, such as visiting time for mothers in hospitals.
retrospective / accurate past event recall
How can evidence from Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation be described? What does this rely on?
self defined affectionless psychopathy / sampling
What are 2 examples of bias seen by Bowlby’s 44 thieves study?
Furstenberg + Kiernan
Who discovered that children who have experienced divorce suffer not only emotionally, but also in terms of emotional wellbeing, academic attainment and physical health?
emotional wellbeing / academic attainment / physical health
What did Furstenberg + Kiernan discover the effects of divorce to be on?
children experiencing 2+ divorces have lowest adjustment rates & most behavioural problems
What did Rogers + Pryor find?
Rogers + Pryor
Who found that children who experience 2+ divorces have lowest adjustment rates & most behavioural problems?
9 days / residential nursery / John / PDD / alternative attachment / routine
Bowlby’s Maternal Deprivation Theory - Short-Term Separation: Robertson + Robertson (AO3)
A child who had a close and stable relationship with his mother experienced severe distress when he spent _________ in a __________________ following his mother’s hospitalisation.
On his mother’s return, _______ appeared confused and tried to get away from her. These negative effects were evident years later.
He appeared to have gone through the stages of the ________ model and suffered serious, irreversible damage. This supported Bowlby’s theory.
The researchers took children facing short-term separations into their own home, providing them with an ___________________ as well as __________ - avoiding severe psychological damage.
children in institutions performed poorly on IQ tests but improved by 30 if institution provides emotional care
What did Skodak + Skeels suggest?
Hetherington + Stanley-Hagen
Who found that few children suffer long-term adjustment problems and that most adapt to their change in circumstances, rejecting Schaffer’s findings?
Richards
Who concluded that while attachment disruption through divorce is more likely to result in resentment and stress, death of an attachment figure is more likely to lead to depression?
institutionalisation / deinvidualisation / Bowlby / deprivation / privation / longitudinal
Romanian Orphan Studies (AO1)
Extended stays altering normal functioning, such as adopting rules and norms, is known as _______________- resulting in ____________ and factors identified by ________ (affectionless psychopathy, deliquency and low IQ).
_____________ is loss/damage to an attachment (through not receiving suitable emotional care from primary caregiver). __________ is the total lack of development of any attachment bond.
Fall of the communist government (1989) revealed conditions of 300,000, suffering from privation (after a lack of physical and emotional care, where many were abused)
Rutter (2011) conducted a ___________ study of UK-adopted Romanian ex-orphans.
Rutter
Who conducted a longitudinal study of UK-adopted Romanian ex-orphans in 2011?
dismissing / autonomous / preoccupied / unresolved
Early Attachment on Childhood & Adult Relationships - Main et al (AO1)
Developed the adult attachment interview to identify IWM. This predict relationship style with own children.
What were the proposed 4 types?
Romanian orphan studies / institutionalised / sociable / Goldfarb / IQ / social skills / Hodges + Tizard
_____________ (AO3)
Research resulted in changed policies around adoption and care in _________________ settings.
Infants not randomly assigned. When adopted, ____________ infants may have been picked first.
_____________ (1947) showed early fostering in 15 British children led to higher _____ and ____________.
_________________ (1989) found children adopted into new caring familues coped better on measures of behavioural and peer relationships than children returned to original, abusive families.
IWM / continuity hypothesis / Ainsworth / secure / Main / Myron-Wilson
Early Attachment on Childhood & Adult Relationships (AO1)
______: a schema based on attachment to the primary caregiver as an infant. This acts as a template for how relationships work, such as if people can be trusted or if relationships are loving. The _________ suggests future relationships will be shaped by this template.
Hazan + Shaver suggest adult relationships are a continuation of __________’s infant types (A,B,C). Children with _________ attachment type (B) will go on to be more socially capable in childhood relationships.
M________ et al: developed the adult attachment interview to identify IWM. The types identified predict relationship style with own children.
M_______________
adult attachment interview / IWM
What did Main et al develop? What did this identify?
Hazan + Shaver
Who suggested adult relationships are a continuation of Ainsworth’s attachment types?
Hazan + Shaver / 56 / 25 / 19
Early Attachment on Childhood & Adult Relationships - __________________’s "Love Quiz" (1987) (AO1)
620 participants responded to a newspaper love quiz. Questions included feelings on romance and categorised participants' adult relationship styles into…
Secure, those who looked for a balance between closeness and independence.
Avoidant, participants who avoided intimacy.
Anxious, those who couldn't cope well with independence.
The questionnaire also assessed childhood attachment type.
_____% had secure adult relationships.
_____% were anxious-avoidant.
_____% were anxious-resistant.
Correlation between adult and child attachment types. Securely attached adults believed love was long-lasting, reported happiness in their relationships and tended not to get divorced. Insecure types reported more loneliness. These results suggest a link between early attachment and adult relationships.
Myron-Wilson / 196 / parental warmth / parental neglect / parental punitiveness
Early Attachment on Childhood & Adult Relationships - ________________ (1998) (AO1)
Assessed _______ children with an average age of 9 for indications of bullying or victimhood, as well as assessing parenting style.
Findings
Those assessed as bullies had low scores in _______________ and high scores in _________________.
Those assessed as victims scored highly on ___________________.
Suggestions: parental attachment styles can directly influence their childhood relationships with their peers.
Verissimo / B / IWM / alternate temperament hypothesis / continuity hypothesis / deterministic
Early Attachment on Childhood & Adult Relationships (AO3)
_____________ et al (2011) showed a strong attachment to father predicts high ability to make friends at school.
McCarthy (1999) showed adult women assessed as type ___ in infancy had the most stable adult relationships.
Practical applications in schools, altering ____ to address issues such as bullying and loneliness in childhood. Helps children acheive relationship stability in later adulthood.
Kagan suggests the _____________ which shows how infants have an innate biological personality, thus resulting in infant-caregiver and adult relationships.
____________ is highly __________. This theory could make people feel doomed to poor relationships.
alternate temperament hypothesis
What is the term for infants having an innate biological personality?
McCarthy
Who suggested in 1999 that adult women assessed as having a secure attachment type (B) in infancy had the most stable adult relationships?
Kagan
Who suggested the alternate temperament hypothesis?
Rutter / longitudinal / control group / privation / sensitive period / critical period
Romanian Orphan Studies (AO1)
____________ (2011) conducted a ___________ study of UK-adopted Romanian ex-orphans. They were put into groups of being adopted at the ages of less than 6 months, between 6 and 24 months, or more than 24 months. This was compared against against a _______________ of British adoptees. They were assessed at 4, 6, 11, 15 years old.
Suggests Adoption within 6 months avoids effects of _________. Some recoveries show it to be a _______________, not a ____________.
disinhibited
Romanian Orphan Studies (AO1) - Assessment at Age 6
Infants adopted more than 6 months showed ___________ attachment, an overly friendly behaviour to strange adults.
delayed intellectual development / quasi autism
Romanian Orphan Studies (AO1) - Assessment at Age 11
Infants adopted more than 6 months showed significantly ________________________. Those adopted more than 24 months had an IQ average of 77. There were some cases of __________ (problems understanding meaning of social context).
4 / 6 / 11 / 15
At what ages were there assessements in Rutter’s longitudinal Romanian orphan studies?
77 / 102
In their assessment at age 11, what was the IQ average for children adopted more than 24 months old? What was the IQ average for children adopted at less than 6 months old?
Note 
Flashcard (64)