DNA and Protein Synthesis

codon

three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid (three bases)

DNA Replication

DNA unzips into two parts and splits with the cell. Each side of the DNA strand attach to matching nucleotides to create 2 exact copies (2 new strand).

semiconservative replication

each new DNA molecule consists of one new strand and one old strand

Transcription

synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template

Translation

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

translation takes place in what organelle

cytoplasam

Helicase

An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks. (unzips)

Primase

An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer.

polyermase

an enzyme that helps to bring in the new nucleotides to make the new DNA leg (makes / "builder")

nuclease

A DNA cutting enzyme that excises damaged DNA. (scissors)

Ligase

An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment (tape/glue)

mRNA

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

tRNA

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

Nitrogen bases in DNA

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

Nitrogen bases for RNA

Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine

what type of bonds form between amino acids in a polypeptide chain

peptide bonds

What is created at the end of traslation ?

proteins

What is the end result of transcription ?

mRNA

What is the central dogma?

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

What is Cargaff's Rule?

base pairs are in a specific order

If you know the amount of one you can find them all

10% - A

10% - T

Who took the first picture of DNA?

Rosalind Franklin

who is responsible for describing the structure of a DNA molecule ?

What does 5' and 3' mean in the DNA molecule?

the direction in which the DNA strand is "built"

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

How does mRNA leave the nucleus?

through nuclear pores

What are the fragments on the lagging strand called?

okazaki fragments

what are the three main differences in DNA and RNA?

different sugars, number of strands, U and not T

what is the monomer of DNA

nucleotide

What is the monomer of a protein?

amino acid

what is the polymer of a protein?

polypeptide

What is the purpose of replication?

make copies of DNA before dividing so that daughter cells have complete copies of genetic information