Test 3 IDs

Election of 1860

-Republicans are almost exclusively in the midwest
-Abraham Lincoln (Illinois), the Republican nominee
-Democrats have a meeting in Charleston, SC (The worst possible city)
-can’t agree on a candidate and move the meeting to Baltimore
-Southern Democrats break off
-Stephen Douglas is the democrat nominee
-Southern Democrats pick John Breckinridge
-states rights, succession southerner
-Both candidates ran for the 1858 Senate in Illinois (Douglas won vs Lincoln)
3rd Party Constitutional Union elect John Bell
Lincoln 180 Electoral (rest of the US (1.866 million
Douglas 12 Electoral (MI and NJ (1.383 million
Breckinridge 72 Electoral (Rest of South (848k votes
Bell 39 Electoral Votes (VA, KY, and TN (593k votes
-Lincoln Wins
-SC calls a nullification convention to try nullify the election (John C Calhoun)
-Plan to secede from the union

Confederate Constitution

-Feb 1861, Confederate States of America meet in Montgomery AL
-Believe people’s view of the constitution is wrong
-US Constitution + Clarification
-protective tariffs are unconstitutional
-federal money for infrastructure is unconstitutional
-Guarantee slavery
-limit the president to 1 6yr term
-more difficult to make new states
-nothing about succession (don’t want their states to secede)
-New Flag (Stars and Bars)
-1863 and 1865 came with more new flags
-Choose Jefferson Davis as President and Alexander Stevens (GA) as VP
-Davis chose a horrible cabinet (picked a person from every state)

Emancipation Proclamation

The war in the eyes of the people were about different matters
-Lincoln preserving the union
-Davis states rights
-Stevens Slavery (only one who thought this) 1861 Corner Stone Speech
Frederick Douglas (Chief adviser to Lincoln)
-tells lincoln to change the meaning of the war to slavery
-Lincoln needs to wait until Union Victory
-1862 Robert E. Lee attacks the North, and even though it wasn’t a decisive victory, the Confederacy retreated
-Lincoln was given his opportunity
Sep 22, 1862 The Emancipation Proclamation is given
Part I
-On January 1st, 1863 all slaves in the confederate states were set free (remember, lincoln didn’t recognize them leaving the union)
-Part II
January 1st, all slaves are set free in the confederacy
-no slaves were actually freed (why would the confederacy care what Lincoln says)
-However, this meant that Europe would provide no help to the confederacy
-free black men joined the Union Army (Lincoln changed the meaning of the war)
-Massachusetts 54th (Black Brigade of Union Army)

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (Lincoln)

1862 New Orleans fell to the Union Army
1863 The “Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction” was issued stating
-except high ranking confederates they could reinstate themselves as citizens with loyalty oath
-at 10 percent Population (Census of 1860) can reform government
-Pass the 13th amendment to the Constitution
Congress was controlled by Radical Republicans
-these republicans won’t be happy (wanted to punish the south)
-Benjamin Wade and Henry Davis push for punishment

Wade-Davis Bill of 1864

-declare martial law and military governors in the south
-” Iron Clad” Oath for reinstatement (never voluntarily served the confederacy)
-this included things like serving as a soldier or paying confederate taxes
-needed 50 percent to start government
-because of the Iron Clad oath, this wouldn’t happen until the next generation
-Had to pass the 13th amendment
-exclude high ranking confederates from office
-had to repudiate the confederate debt
Lincoln wasn’t having it and used Pocket Veto on Bill
-he didn’t sign it or veto it; he just put it in a drawer and left it
-allowed states to come in under either plan (his plan was much easier)

Proclamation of Amnesty (Johnson) 1865

-general pardon
-no high confederates or people worth more than 20k
-can arrange for a special pardon but must go to D.C
-a former confederate colonel runs a special pardon office (easy on purpose)
-pardoned can vote and form a government
-no succession clause
-repudiate confederate debt
-ratify the 13th amendment
The Bureau of Refugees, Freedman, and Abandoned Land was formed
-gave land to freed slaves
-supervised business contracts
-dealt with problems concerning lack of education
-4300 schools were created, including Howard,Hampton,Fisk,and Atlant Universities
-Only lasted 1 year; Johnson vetoed it
-Congress would reinstate the Freedman’s Bureau
Johnson States
Mississippi met requirements in August 1865
SC,AL,NC,GA,FL also in 1865
SC, NC, and GA wouldn’t repudiate the debt
-NC, GA backed off and entered the union
-New States picked former confederate members to congress (GA picked VP Stevens)

Radical Reconstruction

-led by congressmen Thadeus Stevens
-congress won’t seat new representatives from the south
14th Amendment 1866
-gives birthright citizenship
-states cannot pass laws violating civil rights
-banned high confederates from serving in office (except special pardons)
-repudiate confederate
-President Andrew Johnson vetoed this (Congress overpowered(vetoed it))
-TN passed the 14th amendment and was accepted into the union
-all other remaining confederate states refused
Radicals win the election of 1866 (The senate and stuff)
In 1867 they pass a series of reconstruction acts
-Military Districts
-GA, FL, AL District 3
-non-rebels must pass the 14th amendment
-Johnson vetoes this (Congress overpowers his veto)
-15th Amendment
-gives blacks the right to vote
1868 two laws aimed at Johnson are passed
-Command of the Army Act
-limits the president’s executive authority
-Tenure of Office Act
-Congress must approve the president firing a member of his cabinet
-Johnson vetoes both (is overpowered both times)
-He breaks both laws by firing Secretary of War Edward Stanton
-Is the first president to be impeached
-May 16th 1868 Vote
35 to 19 to evict Johnson
1 vote short of eviction
New State constitutions are based on OH Constitution
-universal manhood suffrage
-public education
-equalize taxes
-prison reform
-property rights for women
Freedmen, Carpet Baggers (N to S), and Scallawags (Corporate With the north) run the show
-7 states are readmitted in 1868 (Including GA)
GA was kicked out of the union but reinstated in 1870
Ulysses S. Grant becomes President
-Credit Mobilizer (Stole millions $ from railroad)
-Gold scandal
-Jay Gould and Jim Fisk try to inflate gold $ by buying a lot of it
-Gould made millions by selling gold before the deflation
Republican Party died within the south, and Reconstruction ended with the election of 1875 and Rutherford B. Hayes becomes president.

Plessy v. Ferguson 1896

-Wanted railroad segregation
Comite’ de Citoyens (Want to test 14th Amendment)
Homer Plessy (1/8th African American)
-According to Lousiana, he was black (different states, different rules)
-told conductor he was 1/8th black
-refused to go to black cart (gets arrested)
-Plessy lost in State court and sues judge Fergusen\
-says he violated the 14th amendment
It goes to Supreme Court, and in a 7 to 1 decision, they say it doesn’t violate the 14th amendment
-Separate But Equal
-minority decision was made by John Marshall Hanlan (From a slaveholding family)
-used argument reductio ad absurdum (reduced to the absurd)
1 of 2 of the worst supreme court decisions in US history (Dred Scott v Sanford, the other)

Booker T Washington 1856-1915

-born in VA, a slave
-went to Hampton
1881 founded Tuskegee Institute
-teach blacks practical skills (blue-collar skills)
1895 Spoke at Cotton States Exposition
-Atlanta Compromise Speech
-said people are like fingers, all on the hand but separate (referring to separate but equal)
-blacks shouldn’t fight for rights but let them gradually come to them
-be plumbers, not doctors
-They will gain equality through hard work

W.E.B Dubois 1868-1963

He was a close follower of Booker T but got offended by his Atlanta Compromise Speech
-Fisk University
-1st African-American to get a graduate degree from Harvard (history degree)
1903 The Souls of Black Folk (Book)
-imagery of the veil
-black must hide themselves (code-switching)
The Talented Tenth
-argued against Booker T’s ideas of becoming laborers but must instead be doctors, lawyers, etc
-When 10 percent do this, they can lead blacks to equality
-he was accused of being an elitist
-Wanted a meeting in Niagra NY
-delegates couldn’t share a hotel (segregation)
-this gave birth to the Niagra movement
-which gave birth to the NAACP in 1909
National Association of Advancement for Colored People
-Dubois became an editor for “the Crisis”
-left the US to go to Ghana
-became editor of The Encyclopedia Africa

Triangle Shirtwaist Co-Fire 1911

-10 story building in Midtown Manhattan (company top 2 floors)
-employed young immigrant women 6 days a week
March 25th, 1911, a fire broke out
-manager chained the door so women wouldn’t leave work early
-employees were trapped, and the firefighters were unable to save them
-141-148 people died as a result of the fire or suicide
-a man helped women jump rather than burn and is heralded a hero
NY State Factory Commission led an investigation
-lasted a year
-proposed 61 new laws
-fire safety, work hours, work conditions
-manager was only fined $20

Jane Addams

-from an upper-class Ohio family
-she had a nervous breakdown about being a traditional woman
-didn’t want to be forced to get married and raise children
She went abroad in Europe with her friend Ellen Gates Starr
-While in England came across a settlement house
-Toyn Bee Hall
-dealt with poverty problems
-was the inspiration for Addams’ and Starr’s own settlement house
Hull House 1893
-Addams and Starr rented an old mansion in Chicago
-wanted to make the neighborhood better
-provided daycare for working parents
-bath house
-taught English
-organized petitions against late garbage pick up
-musical events, art galleries, and a literary association
-Inspired Settlement houses all across America
-Invented Social Workers
-Provided new opportunities for women
-Addams stayed involved in women’s rights
-the peace movement too
-2nd Woman to win Nobel Peace Prize

Pure Food and Drug Act

-Created during the Theodore Roosevelt administration
-Teddy became highly concerned with Food safety after reading Upton Sinclair’s “The Jungle” 1906
-The book contained political commentary on the meatpacking industry
-rats were in food
-used borax as a preservative
-formaldehyde was found in meat and dairy products
-rotten meat was being sold
H.H Wiley
-investigated dairy companies
-worked for the department of agriculture
-made a “suicide squad” to eat regular food and investigate the effects of manufactured food on people’s health
-the men were paid to live in a house together and eat normal supermarket food
-results in the creation of the FDA in 1906
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
-required food safety
-meat inspections
-pharmaceuticals
-does not cover nutritional supplements (vitamins and shit)