AP Exam

Urinary System

Excretes excess albumin molecules

Typical Renal Blood Flow

25

Glomerulus

A knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle

Normal Constituent of Urine

Proteins

Filtration Barrier in Renal Corpuscle

Endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits

Glomerular Filtration Pressure

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Reabsorption in Renal Tubules

99%

Ability to Form Concentrated Urine

Both the collecting duct and the nephron loop (loop of Henle)

Mechanism for Concentrated Urine

All of the above

Path of Urine

Collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

Detrusor Muscle

Compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra

Micturition Reflex

Stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord

Extracellular Fluid

All of the above

Body Water Percentage

60%

Intracellular Fluid

Fluid within cells

Water Consumption

Osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall

Water Loss with Retained Electrolytes

Osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF

Ions in Extracellular Fluid

Sodium and chloride

Antidiuretic Hormone

All of the above

Aldosterone

All of the above

Potassium Secretion

All of the above

Buffer

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid

Carbonic-Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System

Limits pH changes by organic and fixed acids

Hydrogen Ion Elimination

Mainly by the kidneys

Kidney Damage

Metabolic acidosis

Hypoventilation

Respiratory acidosis

Response to Respiratory Alkalosis

Kidneys retain more hydrogen ions

Lower Respiratory Tract

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

Nasal Breathing Advantages

All of the above

Epiglottis

Elastic cartilage covering the opening to the larynx during swallowing

Cricoid Cartilage

Ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage

Cystic Fibrosis

Inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus and production of thick secretions

Bronchiolar Smooth Muscle

Contraction increases airway resistance

Choking Episode

Right primary bronchus

Airway Order

4, 1, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6

Gas Exchange Sites

Alveoli

Type II Pneumocytes Damage

All of the above

Pulmonary Ventilation

Movement of air into and out of the lungs

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Amount of air that can be inhaled above the resting tidal volume

Quiet Breathing

Inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive

Alveolar Ventilation

Amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute

Alveolar Ventilation Rate

Decreases partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli

Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide

Greatest in venous blood

Carbon Dioxide Transport

Mostly as bicarbonate ions

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Inadequate production of surfactant and alveolar collapse

Asthma

Acute condition from sensitive, irritated airways

Emphysema

Loss of elastic fibers leading to alveolar collapse

Pneumotaxic Center

Modifies rate and depth of breathing

Dorsal Respiratory Group

Destruction leads to cessation of breathing

Chemical Regulator of Respiration

Carbon dioxide