AP Exam

  1. Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system?

Excretes excess albumin molecules

  1. Typical renal blood flow is about?

25

  1. A glomerulus is?

A knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle

  1. “Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except”

Proteins

  1. The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of three layers

“Endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits”

  1. “Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. Which of the following pressures is a pressure that favors the filtration pressure”

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

  1. “As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation”

99

  1. The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of

Both the collecting duct and the nephron loop (loop of Henle)

  1. The mechanism for producing concentrated urine involves

All of the above

  1. “Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures”

“Collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra”

  1. The detrusor muscle

Compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra

  1. “During the micturition reflex”

Stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord

  1. The extracellular fluid consists of

All of the above

  1. “In an adult male, the body consists of about _____ percent water”

60

  1. About two-thirds of the body fluid is within cells and is termed ____ fluid

intracellular

  1. “When pure water is consumed”

Osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall

  1. “When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,”

Osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF

  1. The ions in the highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are

Sodium and chloride

  1. Antidiuretic hormone

All of the above

  1. Aldosterone

All of the above

  1. Secretion of potassium into the urine is

All of the above

  1. A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)

buffer.

  1. The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to

Limit pH changes by organic and fixed acids.

  1. Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by

the kidneys.

  1. Severe kidney damage (such as glomerulonephritis) often leads to

Metabolic acidosis

  1. Hypoventilation leads to

Respiratory acidosis

  1. “In response to respiratory alkalosis, the”

Kidneys retain more hydrogen ions.

  1. The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli all make up the

lower respiratory tract.

  1. Breathing through the nose rather than the mouth is advantageous because

All of the above

  1. The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the

epiglottis.

  1. The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ______ cartilage.

cricoid

  1. Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from

Inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus and production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport only.

  1. Which of these descriptions best matches the term bronchiolar smooth muscle?

contraction increases airway resistance

  1. During a choking episode, most foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the _____ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle

right primary

  1. The following is a list of some airways.

4,1, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6

  1. The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are

alveoli

  1. Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in

all of the above

  1. Pulmonary ventilation refers to the

movement of air into and out of the lungs.

  1. ________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume

Inspiratory reserve volume

  1. In quiet breathing,

Inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive

  1. Alveolar ventilation refers to the

amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute

  1. Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will

decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.

  1. Which of the following is greatest?

the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood

  1. Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

bicarbonate ions.

  1. The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is

respiratory distress syndrome.

  1. Asthma is

An acute condition resulting from usually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.

  1. The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called

emphysema

  1. The pneumotaxic center of the pons

modifies the rate and depth of breathing

  1. If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally,

a person would stop breathing

  1. The most important chemical regulator of respiration is

carbon dioxide