Chapter 10: Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach

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Human activities

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53 Terms

1

Human activities

________ degrade or overuse 60 % of the earths natural services.

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2

Tropical forests

________: Especially in Latin America, Indonesia, and Africa.

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3

Old-growth or primary forest (36%)

Uncut, or not disturbed for several hundred years

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4

Ecological niche

Reservoirs of biodiversity

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5

Second-growth forest (60%)

Secondary ecological succession

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6

Selective cutting

Intermediate-aged or mature trees are cut singly or in small groups

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7

Clear-cutting

Removal of all trees from an area

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8

Strip cutting

Clear-cutting a strip of trees along the contour of the land

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9

Surface fires

Usually burn leaf litter and undergrowth

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10

Crown fires

Extremely hot so it burns whole trees, kill wildlife, and increase soil erosion

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11

Global warming

Rising temperatures, trees become more susceptible to diseases and pests, drier forests have more fires, increase in greenhouse gases

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12

Tropical forests

Especially in Latin America, Indonesia, and Africa

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13

Boreal forests

A coniferous forest consisting primarily of pine, spruce, and larch trees

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14

Collins Pine

Owns and manages protective timberland

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15

Forest Stewardship Council

Developed a list of environmentally sound practices

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16

Prescribed Fires

Carefully planned & monitored

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17

Allow fires on public lands to burn

Removes flammable underbrush & smaller trees

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18

Protect structures in fire-prone areas

Eliminate the use of flammable construction materials

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19

Thin forests in fire-prone areas

Clear away small fire-prone trees & underbrush under environmental controls

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20

Slash

Highly flammable debris

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21

Rangelands

Unfenced grasslands in temperate and tropical climates that provide forage for animals

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22

Pastures

Managed grasslands and fences meadows used for grazing livestock

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23

Overgrazing of rangelands

Reduces grass cover, leads to erosion of soil by water and wind, the soil becomes compacted and enhances invasion of plant species that cattle wont eat

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24

Wilderness

Land officially designated as having no serious disturbance from human activities

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25

Wilderness Act of 1964

Protects undeveloped lands, 2% of the lower 48 protected, mostly in the West

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26

U.N. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

Identify key ecosystem services

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27

Reconciliation ecology

Invent and maintain habitats for species diversity where people live, work, and play

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28

Community-based conservation

Belize and the black howler monkeys and protects vital insect pollinators

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29

Old-growth or primary forest (36%)

Uncut, or not disturbed for several hundred years

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30

Ecological niche

Reservoirs of biodiversity

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31

Second-growth forest (60%)

Secondary ecological succession

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32

Tree plantation (tree farm, commercial forest- 4%)

May supply most industrial wood in the future. 1 or 2 species of the same age

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33

Selective cutting

Intermediate-aged or mature trees are cut singly or in small groups

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34

Clear-cutting

Removal of all trees from an area. Most efficient for logging operations to harvest trees and cost

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35

Strip cutting

Clear-cutting a strip of trees along the contour of the land

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36

Surface fires

Usually burn leaf litter and undergrowth. May provide food in the form of vegetation that sprouts after fire

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37

Crown fires

Extremely hot so it burns whole trees, kill wildlife, and increase soil erosion

New cards
38

Global warming

Rising temperatures, trees become more susceptible to diseases and pests, drier forests have more fires, increase in greenhouse gases

New cards
39

Tropical forests

Especially in Latin America, Indonesia, and Africa. The main reason for 8,000 tree species are threatened with extinction (10% of the world rate)

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40

Boreal forests

A coniferous forest consisting primarily of pine, spruce, and larch trees. That is in Alaska, Canada, Scandinavia, and Russia

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41

Collins Pine

Owns and manages protective timberland

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42

Forest Stewardship Council

Developed a list of environmentally sound practices. Also certifies manufacturers of wood products

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43

Prescribed Fires

Carefully planned & monitored. Set small contained surface fires to remove flammable small trees and underbrush

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44

Protect structures in fire-prone areas

Eliminate the use of flammable construction materials. Thinning a zone of 60m (200ft) around fire-prone areas

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45

Thin forests in fire-prone areas

Clear away small fire-prone trees & underbrush under environmental controls. Can leave-behind slash.

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46

Slash

Highly flammable debris

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47

Rangelands

Unfenced grasslands in temperate and tropical climates that provide forage for animals

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48

Pastures

Managed grasslands and fences meadows used for grazing livestock

New cards
49

Overgrazing of rangelands

Reduces grass cover, leads to erosion of soil by water and wind, the soil becomes compacted and enhances invasion of plant species that cattle won’t eat.

New cards
50

Wilderness Act of 1964

Protects undeveloped lands, 2% of the lower 48 protected, mostly in the West.

New cards
51

U.N. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

Identify key ecosystem services. Human activities degrade or overuse 60% of the earth’s natural services

New cards
52

Reconciliation ecology

Invent and maintain habitats for species diversity where people live, work, and play

New cards
53

Community-based conservation

Belize and the black howler monkeys protects vital insect pollinators

New cards

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