2nd Quarter

Who authored “The truth shall set us free: The Role of Church-owned Radio Stations in the Philippines”

Isabela L. Tempo

A series nonviolent protest and demonstrations

EDSA

Who used Radio Veritas?

Jaime Cardinal Sin

From stone drawings to printed media like books to digital media like computers to advanced technology like smart devices and internet.

Education

Aside from the Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs), Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) employees contribute a great number to the country's economy.

Business and Economics

According to the IT and Business Process Association of the Philippines (IBPAP), the sector contributes _______ in revenue to the local economy, comprising 7.5% of the nation's GDP,

$29.1 billion

IBPAP reports the Philippine outsourcing industry hired an additional 121,000 full-time employees (FTEs) in 2022, an 8.4% increase from 2021. This addition brings the BPO sector's overall headcount to ___ million Filipino employees.

1.57

Because the Philippines is a democratic country, Filipinos have the right to participate in governance. Media groups serve as the _______

“Fourth estate" or watchdogs of the government.

Natural disaster warnings Donation drives Political and discussion/engagement: officials, known governance, elections

Politics and Governance

Types of Media Effects by James Potter

1. Cognitive

2. Belief

3. Attitudinal

4. Emotional

5. Physiological

6. Behavioral

Media affects what people know by planting ideas and information into their minds.

Cognitive

Relates to the values and principles people have in their lives due to the influence brought about by media

Belief

Evaluative judgements about the standards and values set by media.

Attitudinal

It refers to media's capacity to trigger or affect an audience's emotion/s.

Emotional

It refers to the reaction of bodily systems to media message/s. e.g., high blood pressure and heart rate when watching a horror film.

Physiological

It refers to that media can trigger audience to do certain actions.

Behavioral

Five Filters of Media by Noam Chomsky

1. Ownership

2. Advertising

3. Sourcing/Media Elite

4. Flak/Flack

5. Ideological Bias/Common Enemy

Media outlets are owned by large corporations or wealthy individuals whose financial interests shape news coverage. A concept of interest arises because any news that augurs well for the company is encouraged, while any news that could harm the image of the company is filtered out (Chomsky and Herman, 1988).

Ownership

Media outlets rely heavily on advertising revenue to sustain themselves. Consequently, they may be inclined to produce content that attracts advertisers or avoids content that could alienate them.

Advertising

They "get into a symbiotic relationship with multiple sources of knowledge" as a result (Neel, 2019). This reliance on official sources can result in a narrow range of perspectives being presented to the audience, as well as potential biases in the reporting.

Sourcing/ Media Elite

This refers to a negative response to a media statement (Chomsky and Herman 1988). This can come in the form of complaints, lawsuits, boycotts, or other forms of pressure.

Flak

To make the public accept authority, oftentimes artificial fears are created for the public (Chomsky and Herman 1988).

Ideological Bias/Common Enemy

A method, consisting of signs and symbols, used by information sources to convey meaning to their audiences. it is a set of technical codes and conventions to communicate information (UNESCО, 2016). Each media has a specific media language.

Media Language

It uses words to create vivid descriptions of environment that would immerse the audience in different worlds. (through this, readers can create their own picture of the story through their own interpretation of the details presented)

Fiction

Viewers are spoon-fed with concrete details from which their imagination could not be exercised.

Television, Video streams, or Films

Types of Media Language

1. Written

2. Verbal

3. Non-verbal

4. Visual

5. Aura

Raw sounds in an audio-video materials (e.g., voices, footsteps, etc.)

Diegetic sounds

Sounds that have been added in the post-production stage of the material (e.g., sound effects)

Non-diegetic sounds

Systems of signs that are put together to create arbitrary meaning (Fiske, 1987). There are two common types of codes: technical and symbolic

Codes

Framing, camera angles and techniques, lighting, exposure, etc.

Technical Codes

Objects, setting, body language, and actions

Symbolic Codes

A practice or technique that is widely used in a field (Croteau and Hoynes, 2018). A habit or already long accepted way of doing things.

Convention

Applied to the technical area (e.g., length of television series, film, or music videos).

Technical Convention

Associated with the type of content like typical genres (horror, romance, action, etc.)

Genre Convention

Codes and conventions are used to represent an information in a specific manner that oftentimes do not represent reality. This is often referred to as?

Media Representation

Literal aspect of information

Denotation

Meaning or interpretation people associate with an information

Connotation

People are not passive individuals who accept information anymore, but active people who can create their own interpretations and meanings of media information particularly in areas:

Interpreration

Collective Interpretation of Media
Collective Political Action

The present media audience is interpretative. When producers create media information, audience develop it through their own understanding. However, the audience interpret the messages individually, assigning various meanings to these based from different contexts. Potter (2008) described how individuals assign and create meanings from information they encounter, which involves filtering, matching meanings, and constructing meanings.

Interpretation

For Croteau and Hoynes, media messages are interpreted socially. People create media interpretations through social interaction with relatives, friends, classmates, or other individuals to whom they interact with. Usually, whatever interpretations most of the members in a social group share, if justified well, is eventually adopted by the other members. Discussion boards often exist in film review sites for sharing opinions. If media audience are passive, discussion among other consumers of media information would not exist.

Collective Interpretation of Media

The greatest indicator of media audience's activeness is collective political action. How the Filipinos responded to the call of Jaime Cardinal Sin in 1986 that led to the first People Power Revolution in the country against the Marcos dictatorship; to the group messages sent across the metro to accomplish the second people power; to the fight for the sovereignty in the West Philippine Sea; to the community pantries that became common at the height of the Covid-19 pandemic; to the announcements that were made via social media; and many others are clear manifestations that media audience in the Philippines are not just active socially, but also politically.

Collective Political Action