Anatomy & Physiology 1 Exam 1 Review

Flashcards covering key anatomical terminology, body systems, homeostatic mechanisms, and biochemical foundations for Exam 1.

Anatomy

The study of body structure.

Physiology

The study of body parts and how they interact with one another.

Anatomical Position

A position where the person stands erect, facing forward, arms at sides, palms of hands turned forward, and feet flat on the floor.

Nuchal

Terminology referring to the back of the neck.

Pollex

Terminology referring to the thumb.

Crural

Terminology referring to the leg.

Ventral (Anterior)

Toward the front or belly side of the body.

Dorsal (Posterior)

Toward the back or spine.

Cephalic

Toward the head or superior end.

Rostral

Toward the forehead or nose.

Caudal

Toward the tail or inferior end.

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment or origin.

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment or origin.

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body (right or left).

Contralateral

On opposite sides of the body (right and left).

Mediastinum

An area located in the middle of the thorax between the pleural cavities containing the heart, trachea, and esophagus.

Parietal Lining

The lining of a body cavity that is in contact with the body wall.

Visceral Lining

The lining of a body cavity that is in contact with the organs.

Sagittal Plane

A plane that divides the body into right and left sides.

Coronal Plane

A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.

Transverse Plane

A plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment via the body's regulatory processes.

Negative Feedback Loop

Regulatory mechanism that reduces, shuts off, or counterbalances the original stimulus.

Positive Feedback Loop

Regulatory mechanism that enhances, exaggerates, or amplifies the original stimulus.

Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom.

Mass Number

The total number of protons + neutrons in an atom.

Isotopes

Atoms with the same number of protons and electrons, but a different number of neutrons.

Cation

An ion with a positive charge where protons > electrons.

Anion

An ion with a negative charge where electrons > protons.

Ionic Bond

A bond formed by the transfer of electrons between metals and nonmetals (cations and anions).

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A bond formed by the equal sharing of electrons between nonmetals.

Polar Covalent Bond

A bond formed by the unequal sharing of electrons between nonmetals.

Solution

A homogenous mixture of two or more substances consisting of a solvent and a solute.

Electrolytes

Substances that give off or form ions when dissolved in water, such as $Na^+$ or $K^+$.

Acid

A species that donates an $H^+$ ion and has a $pH < 7$.

Base

A species that accepts an $H^+$ ion and has a $pH > 7$.

Acidosis

A condition where blood has a $pH$ lower than $7.35$.

Alkalosis

A condition where blood has a $pH$ greater than $7.45$.

Anabolism

The process of building biomolecules.

Catabolism

The process of breaking down biomolecules.

Monomer

Small molecular building blocks that link together to form polymers.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars including Fructose, Glucose, and Galactose.

Sucrose

A disaccharide composed of glucose + fructose.

Maltose

A disaccharide composed of glucose + glucose.

Lactose

A disaccharide composed of glucose + galactose.

Phospholipid Bilayer

A structure featuring hydrophilic (water-loving) phosphate heads and hydrophobic (water-hating) fatty acid tails.

Saturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids with only single carbon-to-carbon bonds that are solid at room temperature.

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds that are soft or liquid at room temperature.

Nucleotide

The monomer of nucleic acids consisting of a Phosphate, Pentose sugar, and Nitrogenous base.

DNA

A double-stranded double helix that carries genetic code using Deoxyribose and base pairs A-T, G-C.

RNA

A nucleic acid key for expressing genetic differences using Ribose and base pairs A-U, G-C.

Complete Proteins

Proteins that contain all essential amino acids, typically animal-based.

Enzymes

Highly specific and efficient protein catalysts that increase the rate of reactions in living cells.