Human Nervous System II - Lecture Notes

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts from the Human Nervous System II lecture notes.

Neural Plate

A structure formed during the early development of the nervous system, where cells begin to differentiate into neural cells.

Neural Crest

Cells that migrate from the neural plate during development and give rise to the peripheral nervous system.

Cerebral Cortex

The outer layer of the brain involved in complex brain functions, including sensory perception, motor commands, and cognitive processes.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A clear fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord, providing cushioning and nutrient transport.

Blood-Brain Barrier

A selective permeability barrier that prevents certain substances in the bloodstream from entering the brain, protecting it from potential toxins.

Gray Matter

Regions of the central nervous system that are rich in nerve cell bodies, including areas of the brain and spinal cord.

White Matter

Regions of the central nervous system that are composed primarily of myelinated axons, facilitating communication between different brain regions.

Afferent Neurons

Nerve cells that carry sensory information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system.

Efferent Neurons

Nerve cells that carry motor commands from the central nervous system to muscles and glands.

Wernicke's Area

A region of the brain involved in the comprehension of speech; damage leads to receptive aphasia.

Broca's Area

A region of the brain associated with speech production; damage leads to expressive aphasia.

Diencephalon

A region of the brain consisting of structures such as the thalamus and hypothalamus, involved in sensory and homeostatic functions.

Cerebellum

A brain structure that coordinates voluntary movements, balance, and motor skills.

Reticular Formation

A network of neurons in the brainstem that regulates arousal and consciousness.

Basal Nuclei (Ganglia)

A group of nuclei in the brain involved in the coordination of movement and motor control.

Cranial Nerves

Twelve pairs of nerves that emerge directly from the brain, responsible for sensory and motor functions in the head and neck.

Circadian Rhythm

The physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour cycle, responding primarily to light and darkness.

Hypothalamus

A region of the brain that controls various autonomic functions, including temperature regulation, hunger, and sleep-wake cycles.

Spinal Reflexes

Automatic responses to stimuli that occur without direct involvement of the brain, processed through the spinal cord.

Amnesia

A condition characterized by a partial or total loss of memory.