honors anatomy

epipheysal plates (growth plates)

thin layer of cartilage between the epiphysis and metaphysis

how to tell if epipheysial platesare open/closed

dark= open, closed =clear/white

periosteum

membrane of blood vessels/ nerves that wraps around bones

endosteum

membrane lining inner surface of bony wall (line haversian canal)

what are peiosteum and endosteum composed of

connective tissue

osteoblasts

bone forming cell

osteoclasts

break down bone

osteocytes

cell that lies within substance of fully formed bone

how is an osteocyte an osteocyte

once its fully encases themselves with matrix

osteocytes communicate with each other by

caniculia

building blocks of compact bone

osteons

building block of spongy bone

trabeculae

canal that runs through compact bone

haversian canal

canal that runs through compact bone

volkmanns canal

where is yellow marrow

meduallry cavity

where uis red marrow

spongy bone in epiphysis

bones of body that go through endochondral ossification

long bones of axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

bones that go through intramembranous ossification

skull clavicle and most of cranial bones

endochondiral ossification

bone develops by replacing hyalien cartilage

intramembranous cartilage

bone develops directly from connective tissue

vitamin d

necessary for proper calcium absorption

osteoporosis

bone disease that develops when bone mineral denstiy/ bone mass decreases (can lead to decrease in bone strrength

causes of osteoporosis

poor diet, age, menopause, hormones, low in calcium/vitamins

sex hormones function

mantain strong skeleton

estrogen

bigger ossifier, regulate bone turnover

testoserone

maintains trabecular turnover, smaller ossifier, grow longer

basic stages of bone healing

hematoma formation, fibrocartilage callus, bony callus, remodeling fibrocartilage

calcitonin

blocks activity of osteoclasts

parathromone

increases osteoblast (increases bone formation)

how many bones in adult

204-206

axial skelton

head, neck, back, chest

appendicular

everything not axial (bones that attach to appendicular skeleton) shoulder pevlis amrs hands legs feet

bone that doesnt articulate with any other bone

hyoid bone

cervical verterbra

7 bones

thoracic verterbrea

12 bones

lumbar verterbrea

5 bones

how many pairs of ribs

12

1-7 ribs

real ribs, (veterbrosternal ribs)

8-10

fake ribs (vertebrochondrial ribs)

11-12

floatign ribs (veterbral ribs)

keystone bone of the face

maxilla

paranasal sinuses

maxillary, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid

depressioin/cavity osteocytes grow in

lacuna

canals that run through matrix

canicula

another term for osteon

haversian system

shapryeys fibers…

hold periosteum to the bone

covers the ends of bones to decrease frction

articular cartilage

long bones=

tibia, humerus, femur

short bone=

tarsal carpal

skeletal system function

storage protection, hematopoiesis (blood cell formation)

what is stored in bones

fat in medullary cavity calcium, phospohros

compound fracture=

bone is exposed to outside

when a babys born with cleft palate the ___ havent fused

right/ left maxillary bones

what sits in the sella turcica

pituitary gland

what bone is the pitaturay gland in

sphenoid bone

how many bones in the foot

26 bones in the foot

how many tarsals in the foot

7

how many metatarsals in the foot

5

how many phalaganrs in the foot

14

how many bones in the hand

27

how many carpals in the hand

8

how many metacarpals in the hand

5

how many phalanges in the hand

14

fossa

shallow depression in bone surface

process

projection/ outgrowth of tissue from larges body

meauts

opening/ foramen

foramen

opening that allows key structures to connect one part of body to another

what are fontanels that are found in skulls of babies

spaces between bones that remain open in young children

how many bones are fused to make the sacrum

5

how many bones are fused to make the cocyx

4

2 bones that make up pectoral girdle

scapula and clavicles

3 bones that make up pelvic girdle

ilium, pubis, ischium

What cavity does the head of a humerus fit into?

glenoid caivty

What cavity does the head of a femur fit in

acetablumun

difference in male/ female pelvis

female= larger/wider male=rounder

name of the heel bone

calcaneus

3 categories of joints

synarthrosis, amphiarthorsis, diathrosis

synarthrosis

immovable

amphiarthorsis

slightly movable

diathrosis

freely movable

What are menisci?

healthy knee joint containing 2 c-shaped cartilage-like structures (in the knee)

What are bursae ?

fluid-filled sac within the body, lies near bony prominences and joints (find next to tendons like shoulders, elbows, hips, knees)

What type of joint has the most movement

ball and socket joints

example of ball and socket

shoulder/wrist joint

What type of joint has movement in one plane?

hinge joint

example of hinge joint

elbow, knee

What type of movement does a pivot joint produce?

rotation

example of pivot joint

neck, elbow, wrist

abduction

limb moving away from your body

adduction

limb moving toward midline of body

flexion

making smaller, bringing 2 body parts closer (bicep curl)

extension

making it larger, moving two body parts farther from each other (putting arm flat out)

hyperextension

excessive joint movement (laying down on machine and going down)

dorsiflexion

raising foot upwards towards shin

plantar flexion

movement of foot in downward motion

supination

outward roll of the foot (ankle out)

pronation

inward roll of foot (ankle in)

circumduction

movement of limb hand or fingers in circular pattern

roatation

limb moves in circular motion around fixed joint towards/away from midline of body

irregular lattice of thin columns of bone=

trabelculie