Studied by 7 people
Popular psychology
can include theories or concepts that may or may not have a basis in scientific psychology
Psychobabble
a buzzword(s) taken from psychological terminology but used out of context to appeal to wider audience
theory
An explanation for psychological phenomenon
concept
idea or rationale
empirical studies
Scientific studies that produce results which can be measured
entity theory
A fixed mindset is formally called. This states that intelligence is innate, unchangeable and an internal characteristic
growth mindset
believe that intelligence is not fixed – they think that it can be developed and therefore do not mind challenges
fixed mindset
People believe intelligence is static.
The Incremental Theory
This states that intelligence is malleable and can grow through effort
Peer reviews
carried out on scientific studies to find out how their colleagues arrived at conclusions and to judge whether the results are supported by the data
Aim
the purpose of the study (indicates which mental process or behaviour is studied)
target population
the group whose behaviour the researcher investigates
sample
members of the target pop. participating in the study
procedure
step by step process used by the researcher to carry out the study
findings
how the researcher interpreted the data that was collected
biological approach
Focuses on physiology and genetics
cognitive approach
Focuses on mental processes like memory, thinking, and attention
socio-cultural approach
Focuses on how the environment and culture affect thinking and ultimately behaviour
falsifiable
possible for the theory or study to be proven wrong.
replication
past attempts to test or replicate the study
quantitative data
data comes in the form of numbers
reliable
a study can be replicated
validity
The study measures what is was meant to measure
Construct validity
characterizes the quality of operationalizations (how you defined the observable behaviours)
Internal validity
characterizes the methodological and quality of the experiment (have confounding variables been controlled)
External validity
there are two types – ecological validity and population validity*
Ecological validity
study represents what happens in real life
Population validity
study is generalizable from the sample to the target population
effect size
The absolute value of the correlation coefficient (number from -1 to 1)
reliable
if a study can be REPLICATED (repeated with same findings) then it is considered
validity
the study measures what it has to measure
Null hypothesis
Iv doesn’t affect DV
experimental hypothesis
IV affects DV
quasi experiments
These are different from “true” experiments in that allocation into groups is not done randomly. Instead, some pre-existing difference is used
deductive approach
When a hypothesis is tested against empirical evidence so that it can be accepted or rejected
inductive approach
When a research question is open ended (no hypothesis) and invites descriptions of events or behaviour
interviewer effect
any characteristic that interferes with the interview process
participant bias
occurs when participants adjust their responses to what they think the interviewer wants to hear
social desirability bias
occurs when people may not tell the truth (or the whole truth) when asked a question in order to paint “the best picture of themselves”
naturalistic observations
Observations that take place in a natural setting are called
researcher bias
research being affected by what the researcher expects to find
INTER-OBSERVER RELIABILITY
multiple researchers compare their observations to make sure what they observed actually happened
overt observations
when participants know they are being observed
covert observations
when participants do NOT know they are being observed
non participant observation
The researcher is NOT part of the group being observed
participant observation
The researcher IS part of group being observed
case studies
use multiple research methods
triangulation
Using multiple methods of investigation to explore the same aim/hypothesis
Note 
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