APHG Unit 6A Vocab

African City Model

Model based on colonial infrastructure of Sub Saharan Africa, There are three segments that make up the CBD: Colonial, Traditional, and Market Zone

Boomburb

a large, rapidly growing city in the United States that remains essentially suburban in character, even as it reaches populations more typical of urban core cities.

Burgess Concentric Zone Model

A structural model of the American central city that describes expansion in five concentric land-use rings arranged around the central business district.

City Infrastructure

_______ are structures and services that act as a basis for the economy and quality of life of a city. This includes both hard infrastructure such as bridges and soft infrastructure such as IT services

De Facto Segregation

racial, ethnic, or other segregation resulting from societal differences between groups, as socioeconomic or political disparity, without institutionalized legislation intended to segregate.

Decentralization

the transfer of authority from central to local government.

Edge City

A term introduced by American journalist Joel Garreau in order to describe the shifting focus of urbanization in the United States away from the Central Business District (CBD) toward the new loci of economic activity at the urban fringe. These cities are characterized by extensive amounts of office and retail space, few residential areas, and modern buildings (less than 30 years old)

Exurb

_______ is an area outside the typically denser inner suburban area of a metropolitan area, which has an economic and commuting connection to the metro area, low housing density, and growth.

Farmland Protection Policy

________ discourages Federal activities that would convert farmland to nonagricultural purposes.

Field studies

Field research or fieldwork involve collecting data outside of an experimental or lab setting.

Galactic City Model

represents a city with growth independent of the CBD that is traditionally connected to the central city by means of an arterial highway or interstate.

Gravity Model

_______ is a model used to estimate the amount of interaction between two cities. It is based on Newton's universal law of gravitation, which measured the attraction of two objects based on their mass and distance

Griffin Ford Model/ Latin American City Model

Cities in Latin America have often experienced rapid industrialisation and population growth since 1950. The core of many cities is a colonial-era center which has recently seen redevelopment, surrounded by much newer urban development.

Harris Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model

model that cities now grow independent of the central business district

Hoyt Sector Model

suggests that urban growth extends along transportation routes

Infilling

_____ occurs where open space presents an economic opportunity for landowners to build small multi-family housing units, placing more people into existing city blocks.

Levels of Government

In the U.S., there are three ________: The Federal, or national, government, state governments, and local governments. Local governments include county governments, townships, and city/town governments.

McGee Model/ Southeast Asia City Model

A model showing similar land-use patterns among the medium-sized cities of Southeast Asia

Megacity

a very large city metropolitan area, typically with a population of more than 10 million people.

Metacity

The term _______ was introduced by the United Nations as a way to capture the increasing size of the largest urban aggregations on the planet.With a number of cities, such as Mexico City, Tokyo, Lagos, breaking the ceiling of 20 million inhabitants.

Mixed Land Use

_____ development is in a broad sense any urban, suburban or village development, or even a single building, that blends a combination of residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, or industrial uses, where those functions are physically and functionally integrated, and that provides pedestrian connections.

New Urbanism

An urban design that calls for development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs

Periphery

countries that usually have low levels of economic productivity, low per capita incomes, and generally low standards of living. the world economic _____ includes Africa (except for South Africa), parts of South America, and Asia

Primate city

A country's largest city—ranking atop the urban hierarchy—most expressive of the national culture and usually the capital city as well

Redlining

A discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods.

Semi Periphery

newly industrialized countries with median standards of living, such as Chile, Brazil, India, China, and Indonesia. _____ countries offer their citizens relatively differs economic opportunities but also have extreme gaps between rich and poor.

Sprawl

unrestricted growth in many urban areas of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning.

Suburb/Suburban Sprawl

A subsidiary urban area surrounding and connected to the central city. Many are exclusively residential; others have their own commercial centers or shopping malls

Tear downs

Homes bought in many American suburbs with the intent of tearing them down and replacing them with much larger homes

World cities

Dominant city in terms of its role in the global political economy. Not the world's biggest city in terms of population or industrial output, but rather centers of strategic control of the world economy