Self assessment + dissection guide terms

Acromion Process

Flat, expanded projection at the outer end of the spine of the scapula (shoulder) and articulates with clavicle

Cervical vertebrae

Most superior series of vertebrae, Short bifid spinous processes, Anterior and posterior tubercles, Transverse formen holds vertebral artery

Deep (investing) fascia

Thin, whitish connective tissue that surrounds skeletal muscles, blood vessels, nerves, etc.

Deltoid; 3

Muscle lateral to trapezius

Origin: Lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula

Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

What number in the diagram?

Dermis

Contain blood and lymph vessels, nerves, hair follicles, erector pili muscles, and sweat and sebaceous glands

Epidermis

Superficial layer of skin

Erector spinae; 5-7

3 muscles that run longitudinally along the vertebrae (spinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis) - Include number in diagram

External occipital protuberance

Bump on occipital bone

Iliocostalis; 5

Most lateral of 3 erector spinae muscles - Include number in diagram

Langer’s Lines

Tension lines formed by the collagen and elastin composing dermis that are arranged in parallel configuration

Latissimus dorsi; 1

Inferior to trapezius

Origin: Spinous processes of lower thoracic vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and inferior ¾ ribs

Insertion: Floor of intertubercular groove of humerus

Include number in diagram

Levator scapulae; 3

Origin: Transverse processes of C1/4

Insertion: Medial border of scapula (between superior angles and root of scapular spine)

Include number in diagram

Longissimus; 6

Middle of the 3 erector spinae muscles - Include number in diagram

Mastoid process

Part of temporal bone just behind the ear

An attachment site for many muscles

Nuchal ligament

Ligament that extends from external occipital protuberance to spinous process of C7

Posterior cutaneous VAN; 8

Superficial branches of dorsal rami

Provides somatosensation and vasculature to skin on back

Include number in diagram

Rhomboid major and minor

Located deep to trapezius (2 muscles)

Scapula

Flat triangular bone that connects upper arm to collarbone

Semispinalis capitis; A

Vertically running muscle

Deep to splenius capitis and splenius cervicis

Located along spine

Which letter in the diagram

Superficial fascia

Connective tissue that is deep to the skin and contains varying amounts of fat

Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI); 5

Roots of this nerve exit cranium via foramen magnum; Deep to trapezius - Include number in diagram

Spinalis; 7

Most medial of 3 erector spinae muscles (next to vertebral column) - Include number in diagram

Spinous process

Posterior projection of vertebrae

Splenius capitis; B

Oblique running muscles

“Middle” of the 3 capitis/cervicis muscles

Sueprior to splenis cervicis

Include letter in diagram

Splenius cervicis; C

Deep to trapezius and rhomboid muscles

Oblique running muscles

Most lateral of the 3 capitis/cervicis muscles

Include letter in diagram

Superior nuchal lines

Faint bony ridge that extends laterally from external occipital protuberance

Thoracic vertebrae

2nd series of vertebrae

Heart shaped body

Articular facets

Rib articulations (demifacets and facet on transverse process)

Transverse cervical a. and v.; 6

Arises from thyrocervical trunk (branch of subclavian) - Include number in diagram

Transverse process

Lateral process off of the vertebrae

Trapezius; 2

Large diamond-shaped muscle - Include number in diagram

Vertebral prominens

Another name for C7

Cephalic vein

Vein located between deltoid and pectoralis major

Cephalic v. → Axillary v. → Subclavian v. → Brachiocephalic v. → Superior vena cava → Right atrium

Path of cephalic v. to R atrium

Clavicle

Bone located superficial to structures of the neck and thorax but deep to muscles of the thorax

Sternocleidomastoid and Platysma

What muscles attach to the clavicle?

Costal cartilage

Hyaline cartilage that connects the ribs to the sternum

Costal groove

Groove located on the inferior border of ribs 2 to 12

By pulsations of the intercostal a.

How is the costal groove formed?

Intercostal VAN

What lays within the costal groove?

Costal margin

Inferior border of the ribcage

Costochondral joint

Joint between costal cartilage and rib

Dermatome

Strip of skin innervated by dorsal and ventral cutaneous nerves from a single spinal nerve

External intercostal membrane; 3

The most medial part of the external intercostal m. that is a semi-transparent membrane (directly superficial to the internal intercostal m.) - Include number in diagram

External intercostal muscle; 4

Muscles lateral to the costochondral joint - Include number in diagram

Elevate ribs and expand the chest cavity (inhilation)

Function of external intercostal m

Genu/symphysis of the mandible

Point of fusion where the 2 halves of the mandible join together during development (midline - near chin)

Gonial angle

Inferior angle of the mandible

Arch of aorta → L subclavian a. → Costocervical trunk → Intercostal a.

Path of intercostal a. from arch of aorta (L side)

Arch of aorta → R brachiocephalic a. → R subclavian a. → Costocervical trunk → Intercostal a.

Path of intercostal a. from arch of aorta (R side)

Ventral rami of 1st 11 thoracic n.

Where do intercostal nerves arise from?

Internal intercostal m.; 5

M. located deep to external intercostal membrane - Include number in diagram

Pull ribs down and in (reducing volume of thoracic cavity)

Function of internal intercostal muscle

Lateral pectoral n.; 3

Supplies innervation to pectoralis major (located superiorly in pectoralis major) - Include number in diagram

Lateral cord of brachial plexus

What is the lateral pectoral nerve a branch of?

Medial pectoral n.; 4

Supplies innervation to pectoralis major and minor (located laterally - pierces into to pectoralis minor) - Include number in diagram

Branch of medial cord of brachial plexus

What is the medial pectoral n. a branch of?

Pectoralis major; 4

Superficial muscle in thorax (innervated by medial and lateral pectoral nerves) - Include number in diagram

Pectoralis minor; 2

Deep to pectoralis major (innervated by medial pectoral n.) - Include number in diagram

Sternocostal joint

Joint between manubrium and costal cartilage which joins the anterior ends of the 1st rib

Subcostal n.

Ventral ramus of T12 that lies below the 12th rib

Suprajugular notch

Notch at the superior margin of the manubrium

SS, SM, ANS

Fiber types in ventral rami

Internal (mammary) thoracic artery

Anterior intercostal artery originates from …

Intercostal space

Location of anterior intercostal artery

Anterior and posterior intercostal arteries

What arteries anastamose at the level of the costochondral junctions?

Brachiocephalic trunk, L CCA, L Subclavian A

What are the branches of the aortic arch (R → L)?

Apex of the heart

Tip of the ventricle pointing inferolaterally

Left ventricle (aortic valve between)

What chamber of the heart does the ascending aorta arise from?

Arches over the root of the lung to join with the SVC outside the pericardial sac

Azygous vein general path

R subclavian A and R common carotid A

What does the brachiocephalic trunk give rise to?

internal jugular (IJV) and subclavian v.

Convergence of what veins contribute to the brachiocephalic vein?

Superior vena cava (SVC)

R and L brachiocephalic veins join to form …

Immediately posterior

Location of esophagus relative to trachea

Transverse thoracis muscles (adjacent to the lower and end of the sternum)

What is the innermost intercostal muscle?

Brain, face, neck

What regions does the internal jugular vein drain?

Course vertically adjacent to the sternum between the internal intercostal muscles and transverse thoracis muscle

Path of internal mammary/thoracic artery

Superior epigastric a. and musculophrenic a.

What are the terminal branches of the internal mammary/thoracic artery?

Pulmonary veins

Where does the left atrium receive blood from?

Ascending branch or aorta

Where does the left ventricle pump blood to?

Ligamentum arteriosum; 5

Adult remnant of the ductus arteriosus (shunt during fetal circulation) - Include number in diagram

Potential space between the parietal and visceral pleura

What is the pleural cavity?

C3, 4, 5 ventral rami

What nerves give rise to the phrenic nerve?

Descend vertically through mediastinum between mediastinal parietal pleura and pericardium and course just anterior to root of the lung

Path of phrenic nerve

Sensory and motor

What fiber components does the phrenic n. have?

Vagus n. (CN X)

What nerve gives rise to the recurrent laryngeal n.?

Lower border of right subclavian a. and turns superiorly to ascend in the neck between the trachea and esophagus

Path of R recurrent layngeal n.

Coronary sinus, superior vena cava, and inferior vena cava

What does the right atrium receive blood from?

Tricuspid valve

What valve is present between the right atrium and ventricle?

Inferior epigastric artery

What does the superior epigastric artery anastamose with?

Brachiocephalic trunk and L CCA

The trachea is located immediately posteriorly to which branches of the aortic arch?

Crosses R subclavian between the brachiocephalic trunk and R brachiocepalic v.

Path of R vagus nerve (CN X)

Ligamentum arteriosum/Aortic arch

What does the left recurrent laryngeal n. turn under?

Arachnoid membrane

Located internal to the dura mater

Cauda equina

Bundle of dorsal roots and filum terminale, extends below conus medullaris to dural cul-de-sac (S2)

Atlas (C1)

Vetebrae that has no body; Superior articular processes large and form joint with occipital condyles; Primary movement = flexion and extension

Axis (C2)

Vertebrae with small body with dens Dens articulates with C1 (atlantoaxial joint); Primary movement = lateral rotation

Coccyx

Terminal portion of vertebral column (fused)

Conus medullaris

Tapered distal end of spinal cord; Tip at L1 or L2; Comprised of S1-5 and coccygeal spinal cord segments

Denticulate ligament

Extension of pia mater; Coronal plane attaches laterally to dura; Separates ventral and dorsal roots

Dorsal ramus

Located within erector spinae; Smaller than ventral ramus