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What is the first key stage of the adult brain being developed from the neural tube?
Neural tube differentiates to give rise to three distinct primary vesicles (bulge-like features): the forebrain (or prosencephalon), midbrain (or mesencephalon) and hindbrain (or rhombencephalon).
What is the second key stage of the adult brain being developed from the neural tube?
In the second stage, the forebrain and hindbrain each differentiate into two further secondary vesicles, while the midbrain remains unchanged.
This results in five secondary vesicles of the embryonic brain, which then develop progressively into what becomes the adult brain.
What does each primary vesicle differentiate into? What secondary vesicles are formed from this?
What adult brain structures (walls/cavities) are derived from each secondary vesicle?
Which structure connects the two cerebral hemispheres together across the midline?
Corpus callosum
What other structures connect the two cerebral hemispheres together?
Two cerebral peduncles below
The floor of the third ventricle
What are the four lobes of the cerebral hemisphere and where are they located?
What is the primary function of the frontal lobe?
Planning and commanding voluntary movements
Name some identifying landmarks of the frontal lobe.
Central sulcus
Precentral gyrus
Lateral fissure
What is the primary function of the parietal lobe?
Processes information from senses such as touch, temperature and pain, and it helps with understanding where your body is in space (proprioception)
Name some identifying landmarks of the parietal lobe.
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Central sulcus
Precuneus
What is the primary function of the occipital lobe?
Processes images and colour for vision
Name some identifying landmarks of the occipital lobe.
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Calcarine sulcus
Cuneus
What is the primary function of the temporal lobe?
Processes sounds and hearing
Name some identifying landmarks of the temporal lobe.
Parahippocampal gyrus
Uncus
Lateral sulcus
What are the subdivisions of the diencephalon?
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
What is the brainstem made up of?
Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
What are the three meningeal layers?
Dura
Arachnoid
Pia
What is the dura mater? (simple definition)
Tough, fibrous membrane that ensheathes the brain
What is the falx cerebri?
A vertical sheet of dura in the midline that separates the two cerebral hemispheres
What is the tentorium cerebelli?
A horizontal shelf of dura which separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
What does the dura mater do?
Allows blood to leave the brain through a venous drainage system and allows cerebrospinal fluid to re-enter the circulation
What is the arachnoid mater? (simple definition)
A soft, translucent membrane that loosely envelops the brain
Contains no blood vessels or nerves
What does the arachnoid mater do?
Makes arachnoid villi, which are small protrusions through the dura mater into the venous sinuses of the brain, which allow CSF to exit the subarachnoid space and enter the bloodstream.
What is the pia mater? (simple definition)
Microscopically thin, delicate and highly vascular membrane which is closely adherent to the brain
What does the pia mater do?
Helps to contain cerebrospinal fluid
What is the difference between a sulcus and a gyrus?
Sulcus - inward fold
Gyrus - outward fold
Relating to neuroanatomy, what is the difference between the terms ‘ganglion’ and ‘nucleus’?
Ganglion - a collection of neuronal cell bodies (grey matter) outside the CNS
Nucleus - a collection of neuronal cell bodies (grey matter) inside the CNS
Relating to neuroanatomy, what is the difference between the terms ‘contralateral’ and ‘ipsilateral’?
Contralateral - on the opposite side
Ipsilateral - on the same side
What does the term ‘decussation’ mean relating to neuroanatomy?
Crossing over to the other side
What does the term ‘plexus’ mean?
An interweaving network of motor and sensory nerve fibres
What does the term ‘fasciculus’ mean?
A group of axons
What is the primary function of the thalamus?
Major relaying centre of the brain; its nuclei act as ‘switchboards’, controlling sensory inputs and motor outputs
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus?
Receives signals from internal organs/fluid-filled cavities and makes appropriate changes to maintain a stable internal environment
What are the two layers of the dura?
Periosteal layer - attached to the skull
Meningeal layer
What space does cerebrospinal fluid run into?
Subarachnoid space
Where is the corpus callosum located?
Surrounding the thalamus area
Where is the cingulate gyrus located?
Surrounding the corpus callosum
Where is the 4th ventricle located?
Anterior to the cerebellum and posterior to the pons
Where is the 3rd ventricle located?
Surrounded by the thalamus
Where is the cerebral aqueduct located?
Found anterior to the cerebellum and posterior to the brainstem (superiorallly)
What are arachnoid granulations?
Spaces where the cerebrospinal fluid flows from the subarachnoid space to the superior sagittal sinus
What is hydrocephalus?
A condition where there is too much cerebrospinal fluid in the brain
What are the causes of hydrocephalus?
Genetic problems
Fetal development issues
Head injuries
Stroke
Infections
Tumours
Bleeding in the brain
Name all the cranial nerves.
I - Olfactory Nerve
II - Optic Nerve
III - Oculomotor Nerve
IV - Trochlear Nerve
V - Trigeminal Nerve
VI - Abducens Nerve
VII - Facial Nerve
VIII - Vestibulocochlear Nerve
IX - Glossopharyngeal Nerve
X - Vagus Nerve
XI - Accessory Nerve
XII -Hypoglossal Nerve
