euro absolutism

James I

Cousin of Elizabeth, united England and Scotland, established Stuart dynasty, believed in divine right, and promoted religious uniformity through Anglicanism.

Charles I

Son of James I who sought to increase taxation without Parliament's consent and led the English Civil War against Parliament.

Oliver Cromwell

Lord Protector who led Parliament to victory against Charles I, known for military leadership and brutal enforcement of Puritan rule.

Pride's Purge

The event in 1649 when Oliver Cromwell forcibly removed members of Parliament that opposed him.

William and Mary

Their ascension to the throne marked a peaceful transfer of power in the Glorious Revolution and led to the Bill of Rights.

Glorious Revolution

The 1688 event that resulted in the establishment of constitutional monarchy in England.

Frederick the Great

Prussian ruler who supported the Enlightenment, emphasized religious tolerance, and engaged in numerous wars.

Peace of Paris

The 1763 treaty that ended the Seven Years' War.

Peter the Great

Absolute monarch who modernized Russia and established St. Petersburg.

Boyars

Russian nobles who held significant power before the reforms of Peter the Great.

Catherine the Great

Absolutist monarch who expanded Russian territory and implemented reforms but faced peasant revolts.

Maria Theresa

Austrian leader who faced the War of Austrian Succession and undertook reforms to strengthen her empire.

Louis XV

Unpopular French king who faced decline of absolutism and conflicts with Enlightenment ideas.

War of Spanish Succession

The early 18th-century conflict (ended in 1713) over succession claims in Spain.

John Locke

Philosopher who argued for natural rights and the right of the people to overthrow unjust government.

Thomas Hobbes

Political theorist who advocated for absolute monarchy and a strong social contract.

Joseph II

Enlightened Habsburg ruler known for his reforms and religious tolerance.

Jacques Bossuet

French bishop known for defending absolutism and divine right of kings.

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister under Louis XIII who strengthened royal power and limited Huguenot influence.

Intendant system

Royal officials appointed to govern provinces and implement policies of the central government.

Fronde

A series of civil wars in France during the early reign of Louis XIV.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Finance minister under Louis XIV who implemented mercantilist policies.

Peace of Utrecht

The treaty that ended the War of Spanish Succession in 1713.

La Rochelle

A Huguenot stronghold that fell in 1628 under Louis XIII's order.

Ship money

A tax imposed by Charles I on coastal towns for naval funding.

Junkers

Prussian landowners who supported the monarchy in exchange for power over serfs.

Cossacks

Free groups in Russia that resisted central authority.