euro absolutism

James I - Cousin of Elizabeth, united England and Scotland, established Stuart dynasty, divine right, religious uniformity through Anglicanism, King James Bible.

Charles I - Son of James I, didn’t want Parliament’s help, wanted taxation to increase revenue without Parliament’s permission, hired bishops, fought English Civil War with Cavaliers against Parliament and Roundheads.

Oliver Cromwell - Lord Protector, born a Calvinist/Puritan, became leader of Parliament and beat Charles I and the Cavaliers, beheaded him, grew Irish and Scottish military, brutal to Irish Catholics, orchestrated Pride’s Purge, leader of New Model Army.

Pride’s Purge year - 1649.

William and Mary - Parliament asked them to be king and queen, peaceful transfer of power from James II, Bill of Rights gave Parliament power through constitutionalization, not an absolute monarchy anymore.

Glorious Revolution year - 1688.

Frederick the Great - Supported the Enlightenment, believed monarchs should serve the state, complete religious tolerance except for Jews, many wars (Austrian War of Succession), sponsored many French philosophers.

Peace of Paris year - 1763.

Peter the Great - Absolute monarch who westernized Russia through Romanov dynasty, modernized military, Great Northern War where Russia won, St. Petersburg established.

Boyars - Russian nobles.

Catherine the Great - Absolutist monarch, married and killed Peter III, religious tolerance to all except Jews, divided Poland between Russia, Prussia, and Austria, peasant revolt (Pugachev).

Maria Theresa - War of Austrian Succession against Frederick the Great, ended with her losing through the Peace of Paris, army reform, strengthened her power, enlightened through reforms, weakened church power, religious tolerance, centralized Austrian Empire.

Louis XV - Unpopular, great-grandson of Louis XIV, 7 Years’ War which wasn’t successful, resistant to Enlightenment, parliaments (the courts) challenged his power, led to decline in French absolutism.

War of Spanish Succession - 1713.

John Locke - 2nd Treatise: people have rights, social contract with government, they can overthrow, agrees with Glorious Revolution.

Thomas Hobbes - Leviathan: government is a social contract chosen by the people, no rebelling, disagrees with Glorious Revolution.

Joseph II - Habsburg, enlightened, tolerated Jews, freed serfs.

Jacques Bossuet - Bishop of Meaux, advocate for absolutism and divine right, French.

Cardinal Richelieu - French clergyman, Louis XIII’s chief minister, eliminated political and military power of Huguenots, took power from nobles.

Intendant system - Royal officials sent to provinces to carry out orders.

Fronde - Paris revolt against Cardinal Mazarin, early into Louis XIV’s reign.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert - Financial general for France, attempted to grow Paris through mercantilism, under Louis XIV.

Peace of Utrecht - 1713.

Spanish Succession - Louis XIV tried to put his grandson Philip on the throne; opposed by England, Netherlands, Austria, and Prussia.

La Rochelle - A massacred Huguenot stronghold, fell in 1628 under Louis XIII.

Ship money - Charles I’s tax on coastal towns.

Junkers - Prussian nobility and landowners, supported the monarchy in exchange for power over serfs.

Cossacks - Free groups in Russia who rejected central authority.