ALL Hormones (Hypothalamic, Anterior/Posterior Pituitary, Other)

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Synthesized:

hypothalamus

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Released:

hypothalamus

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Target cells:

anterior pituitary

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Effects:

causes the release of ACTH

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Synthesized:

hypothalamus

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Released:

hypothalamus

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Target cells:

anterior pituitary

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Effects:

causes the release of FSH and LH

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Synthesized:

hypothalamus

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Released:

hypothalamus

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Target cells:

anterior pituitary

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Effects:

causes the release of GH

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
Synthesized:

hypothalamus

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
Released:

hypothalamus

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
Target cells:

anterior pituitary

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
Effects:

inhibits the release of PRL

Somatostatin
Synthesized:

hypothalamus

Somatostatin
Released:

hypothalamus

Somatostatin
Target cells:

anterior pituitary

Somatostatin
Effects:

inhibits the release of GH and TSH

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Synthesized:

hypothalamus

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Released:

hypothalamus

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Target cells:

anterior pituitary

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Effects:

causes the release of TSH and PRL

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Released:

anterior pituitary

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Synthesized:

anterior pituitary

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Target cells:

adrenal cortex

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Effects:

causes the release of glucocorticoids

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Synthesized:

anterior pituitary

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Released:

anterior pituitary

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Target cells:

ovaries, testes

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Effects:

growth of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogen, sperm production

Growth hormone (GH)
Synthesized:

anterior pituitary

Growth hormone (GH)
Released:

anterior pituitary

Growth hormone (GH)
Target cells:

liver, bone, cartilage, muscle, fat

Growth hormone (GH)
Effects:

widespread tissue growth

Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Synthesized:

anterior pituitary

Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Released:

anterior pituitary

Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Target cells:

ovaries, testes

Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Effects:

ovulation, maintenance of corpus luteum, testosterone secretion

Prolactin (PRL)
Synthesized:

anterior pituitary

Prolactin (PRL)
Released:

anterior pituitary

Prolactin (PRL)
Target cells:

mammary glands

Prolactin (PRL)
Effects:

milk synthesis

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Synthesized:

anterior pituitary

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Released:

anterior pituitary

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Target cells:

thyroid gland

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Effects:

growth of thyroid, secretion of thyroid hormone

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Synthesized:

hypothalamus

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Released:

posterior pituitary

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Reflex that triggers release:

baroreceptors detect decrease in blood volume, osmoreceptors detect change in blood osmolarity

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Target cells:

kidneys

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Effects:

water retention

Oxytocin (OT)
Synthesized:

hypothalamus

Oxytocin (OT)
Released:

posterior pituitary

Oxytocin (OT)
Reflex that triggers release:

pressure on cervix, suckling

Oxytocin (OT)
Target cells:

uterus, mammary glands

Oxytocin (OT)
Effects:

labor contractions, milk release, mother-infant bonding

Aldosterone
Synthesized:

adrenal cortex

Aldosterone
Released:

adrenal cortex

Aldosterone
Target cells:

kidney

Aldosterone
Effects:

 promotes sodium and water retention and potassium excretion, maintains blood pressure and volume

Calcitonin
Synthesized:

thyroid gland

Calcitonin
Released:

thyroid gland

Calcitonin
Target cells:

bone

Calcitonin
Effects:

stimulates bone deposition

Cortisol
Synthesized:

adrenal cortex

Cortisol
Released:

adrenal cortex

Cortisol
Target cells:

most tissues

Cortisol
Effects:

stimulate fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, stress resistance, and tissue repair

Epinephrine
Synthesized:

adrenal medulla

Epinephrine
Released:

adrenal medulla

Epinephrine
Target cells:

most tissues

Epinephrine
Effects:

promote alertness, mobilize organic fuels, raise metabolic rate, stimulate circulation and respiration, increase blood glucose level, inhibit insulin secretion and glucose uptake by insulin-dependent organs

Erythropoietin
Synthesized:

liver

Erythropoietin
Released:

liver

Erythropoietin
Target cells:

red bone marrow

Erythropoietin
Effects:

promotes red blood cell production, increases oxygen-carrying capacity of blood

Estradiol/estrogen
Synthesized:

ovaries

Estradiol/estrogen
Released:

ovaries

Estradiol/estrogen
Target cells:

many tissues

Estradiol/estrogen
Effects:

stimulates female reproductive development and adolescent growth, regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy, prepares mammary glands for lactation

Glucagon
Synthesized:

alpha cells of pancreas

Glucagon
Released:

alpha calls of pancreas

Glucagon
Target cells:

primarily liver

Glucagon
Effects:

stimulates amino acid absorption, gluconeogenesis, glycogen and fat breakdown, raises blood glucose and fatty acid levels

Insulin
Synthesized:

beta cells of pancreas

Insulin
Released:

beta cells of pancreas

Insulin
Target cells:

most tissues

Insulin
Effects:

stimulates glucose and amino acid uptake, lowers blood glucose level, promotes glycogen, fat and protein synthesis

Melatonin
Synthesized:

pineal gland

Melatonin
Released:

pineal gland

Melatonin
Target cells:

brain

Melatonin
Effects:

may influence mood and sexual maturation

Parathyroid hormone
Synthesized:

parathyroid glands

Parathyroid hormone
Released:

parathyroid glands

Parathyroid hormone
Target cells:

bone, kidneys, small intestine

Parathyroid hormone
Effects:

raises blood calcium level by stimulating bone resorption and inhibiting deposition, reducing urinary calcium excretion, enhancing calcitriol synthesis

Progesterone
Synthesized:

ovaries

Progesterone
Released:

ovaries