Practical Research 1

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Research

Research

This pertains to any systematic investigation of any social or natural phenomena where results and conclusions are aimed at contributing to generalizable knowledge.

Inductive Research

Also known as Theory Building Research or Qualitative Research, it seeks to understand or make sense of the world based on how individuals experience and perceive it.

Deductive Research

Also known as Theory research-testing, It seeks generalizability through controlled, value-free.

Basic Research

It discovers new phenomena or new ideas of general interest.

Applied Research

It contributes to the solution of specific practical problems.

Exploratory Research

It is often conducted in new areas of inquiry and tests the feasibility of undertaking a more extensive study regarding a phenomenon.

Descriptive Research

It is directed at making careful observations and detailed documentation of a phenomenon of interest.

Explanatory Research

It seeks answers to why and how types of questions.

Ontology

It pertains to the nature or object of social reality.

Epistemology

It links to the process or act of knowing or acquiring knowledge.

Empirical

It indicates that the information, knowledge, and understanding are gathered through experience and direct data collection.

IMRAD Format

It stands for Introduction, Methodology, Results And Discussion.

Data

This is any information observed and collected to validate research findings and use as the basis for drawing conclusions. These can be qualitative or quantitative.

Primary Data

They provide raw and first-hand information.

Non Participant Observation

It occurs when a researcher does not get involved in the activities of the group, but remains passive observer by watching and listening to the group’s activities and drawing conclusions from them. The observer does not interact with the subject being studied.

Participant Observation

It happens when a researcher participates in the activities of the group being studied. As a researcher, you need to join the group you want to investigate.

Hawthorne Effect

Also known as Observer Effect, This is characterized by individuals modify or improve an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed.

Interview

It is a face-to-face interaction between the researcher and the respondent where the researcher asks the respondent questions in a one-on-one or small group setting.

Focal Group Discussion

It is used to gather participants from similar backgrounds or experiences to discuss a specific topic of interest, or phenomenon, and is for data validation purposes only.

Structured Interview

In this kind of interview, the researcher asks the respondents a set of predetermined questions. These questions are already prepared and will just be asked by the interviewer to the interviewee.

Semi-Structured Interview

In this kind of interview, The interviewer does not strictly follow a formalized list of questions. This type of interview gives interviewees more opportunities to fully express themselves, but in a way that the objectives of the study are still met.

Questionnaire

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Secondary Data

These are data that are usually second-hand information, discussion and analysis from other writers and researchers (books, thesis, dissertation, etc.)

Population

This is a large collection of individuals that have a common characteristic or trait and are the main focus of a scientific query.

Sample Size

This is the subset of the population being studied. It represents the larger population and is used to draw inferences about the population.

Stratified Random Sampling

This is a type of probability sampling technique that intends to guarantee that the sample represents specific subgroups or strata.

Systematic Random Sampling

In this type of random sampling, the researcher randomly picks the first item or subject from the population. Then, the researcher will select each nth subject from the list.

Probability Sampling

Each sample has an equal probability of being chosen.

Non-Probability Sampling

This sampling technique uses non-randomized methods to draw the sample.

Ethical Principles

These are guidelines for the responsible conduct of research.

Respect for persons

People should be treated as autonomous.

Autonomous

A person can make his or her own decisions about what to do and what to agree to.

Beneficence

Doing no harm.

Justice

In research, This is being fair in the recruitment of participants.

Confidentiality

Sources of information should be kept incognito.

Anonymity

This is a condition in which the identity of individual subjects is not known to researchers.