PSY 321

Exam 3

Family Resemblance

no single attribute is shared by all members

Network Models

Semantic Networks (concepts+ connections -> nodes + links)
*The longer the line, further away the correlation
*Short link= well known fact

Schema

-large cognitive units
-packages of interrelated units
-used to interpret, encode, understand, remember new instances
-provide EXPECTATIONS about what should occur (top-down)
-sometimes...errors.

Scripts

-simple, well-structured sequence of events associated with a highly familiar activity

Recall of Scripts

-Different from conceptual categories
-Script identification
-EXAMPLE: "washing clothes" instructions before & after

Incidental vs Intentional Learning

-Intentional learning is characterized by rehearsal
-Incidental learning is defined as “unplanned learning” which occurs simply due to exposure to stimuli

Phoneme

any sound ("sail" = 4)

Morpheme

word within words ("re/cycle/ed" (3), "run/ning" (2))

Semantics

meaning

Syntax

rules how words are combined

Pragmatics

knowledge on how to use the social words ("pass the salt PLEASE")

Linguistics

-mental process underlying language
-novelty of utterances
-Noam Chomsky

2 major claims of lingustics

-Language Knowledge innate
&
-Grammatical rules/system

Evidence of lingustics

-easier to learn language when younger

Phase Structure Grammars

sentence decomposed into constituents by rewrite rule
("the young woman carried the heavy painting")

Transformational Grammar ("Universal Grammar")

-Rules and Grammar that converts deep structure to surface structure
**Deep Structure= more abstract meaning to a sentence

Factors Affecting Comprehension

Ambiguous Sentences, Passive vs. Active voice

Passive vs. Active

Passive: "study was run by 3 researchers"
Active: "3 researchers ran the study"
-Active is 7 TIMES more frequent than passive

Neurolinguistics

1) brain & language
2) Aphasia
3) Recent neuroscience research

Hemisphere Specialization

-LH Dominance: speech perception, complex words, reading, syntax
-RH Dominance: language production, emotional tone, metaphor, subtle word meaning

Broca's Aphasia

-trouble producing language
("yes...monday...Dad + Katelyn... wednes... 9 o'clock...")

Wernicke's Aphasia

-can produce language but ramble
("Mother is coming Wednesday but when she's not looking she's somewhere else")

Broca Problem

-trouble understanding sentences, only seeing verbs and nouns
(Leopard beat + mauled the lion. Which one died?)

PET Scan Subtractive Methodology

"Hammer" + auditory "Hammer" VS. "Hammer" and "Pound"
-prefrontal cortex answers what a hammer does

Characteristics of speech

-Variability in articulation ("salt + "soon)
-No boundaries in speech signal
-Context allows filling in (top-down processing)
-Visual Cues- McGurk Effect

McGurk Effect

-hearing "BaBa" then looking at lips saying "GaGa"

Perceptual Processes in Written Language

-writing is spread out across space
-control rate of input
-can re-scan text
-discrete boundaries between words

Perceptual Processes in Spoken Language

-Speech is across time
-cannot control rate of input
-rely on working memory
-speech does not shoe boundaries between words

Perceptual Processes in Reading

-can see 4 letters to the left and 15 to the right
-saccades
-fixations

Saccadic Eye Movements (Predictable Patterns)

-no fixations on blank spaces
-jump over short words ("the" & "of")
-misspelled or unusual words

Theories about word recognition

1) Phonologically Mediated Hypothesis
2) Direct Access Hypothesis
3) Dual Route Hypothesis

Phonological-Mediation Hypothesis

-sounding out words
-tongue twisters

Direct-Access Hypothesis

-Homonyms (read-reed) (sea-see)
-Deep Dyslexia

Dual Route Hypothesis

-Flexibility
-Individual differences
-Word Characteristics

Speaking Production Process Stages

1) Gist/Meaning
2) General structure of sentence
3) Word Selection
4) Articulate

Types of speech errors

1) Sound Errors (snack shop -> snack shop)
2) Morpheme Errors (self-destruct instruction -> self-instruct deduction)
3) Word Errors
4) Anticipated
5) Preservation
6) Deletion

Discourse

-study behind a monologue, lecture, story, etc...

Steps of discourse

1) Brief overview
2) Summary characters/setting
3) Complication
4) Point of the narrative
5) Resolution of story
6) Final signal

Lexical-Entertainment Demo

"figure skater"
-used shorter words
-adopted language of their own

Directives

"Can you pass the salt?"
"Stand up."