Reformation

Who were Wyclif and the Lollards?

• Wyclif started the Lollardy movement

• claimed the medieval church’s claims were not in the bible, there should be more access to the bible, the papal shouldn’t have authority, rituals were not meant within the church

• based in england

Who were John Hus and the Hussites?

• John Hus led a group of Czech reformers with ideas similar to those of the Lollards and a call to reform

• many in England and Bohemia liked the idea of reformation

• Council of Constance had him burned at the stake

  • led to the Hussite wars in Bohemia

What were the decrees the Council of Constance passed in order to cause reform?

• Sacrosanct- the council of the church was given their authority from God

• Frequens- the council should meet to ensure the continuation of a reformation

What was the goal of the Council of Constance?

prevent heresy and reform the church

What caused the Council of Constance to fall?

• popes did not want to conform to something which would threaten their power

• Pope Pius II claimed the council was heretic

What was the Renaissance Papacy and what were the popes during this time like?

• popes from the end of the Great Schism to the early 16th century

• acted as government leaders as well as spiritual ones

  • Julius II

    • Warrior pope

    • involved in war and politics

• practiced nepotism

  • favored the people close to them to get power and influence

  • Sixtus

    • hired 5 of his nephews for positions

• established Rome as a cultural center by filling it with splendor

  • Julius II built St. Peter’s Basilica

  • Leo X

Who was Martin Luther?

• studied law and was planning to be a lawyer to appease his father

• caught in a storm one day and promised God that if he made it out alive he would become a monk

• studied theology while being a monk

• started a reformative movement throughout christianity

What caused Martin Luther to break away from the church?

• could not find peace with the church’s answer to salvation

  • studied it and realized the bible says we are saved by grace through faith

  • the church told the people good works and confessions to a priest saved them

• Luther disagreed with the concept of the sale of indulgences

  • indulgences allowed your loved ones and you to get out of Purgatory sooner

    • none of this is mentioned in the Bible

  • Wrote the 95 theses in response

    • printed and sent throughout Germany

    • the church underestimated the affects

    • solidified Luther’s separation

How did Martin Luther originally spread Lutheranism?

• Leipzig debate

  • debated Catholic theologian Johann Eck

  • Eck won the debate by saying that Luther was not only against indulgences but also against the church as a whole

    • Eck won the debate but Luther took that idea and ran with it

• Address to the Nobility of the German Nation

  • a pamphlet was written to the German nobility to overthrow/reform the church

• Babylonian Captivity of the Church

  • attacked the sacraments

  • claimed monks should be able to have freedoms (marriage)

  • called for a reform

• On Freedom of a Christian Man

  • speaks on salvation through faith

  • claims that good works are an act of gratitude towards God for his salvation of you by grace through faith

How did the Catholic Church react to Luther’s doctrine?

• called for him to recant his writing

• Luther refused

• became an outlaw

  • lived in Wartburg Castle for a year

How did Luther spread Lutheranism throughout Germany?

• organized a church in Wittenberg

• translated the New Testament into German

• sermons throughout Germany

  • spoke of the Bible

• state authorities began to mandate church reform

  • Luther relied on nobility to convert many

• created pamphlets to show common people church corruption

• wrote “A Mighty Fortress is Our God”

How did the Peasants' War impact Lutheranism?

• Peasants in Germany were unhappy with their current state

  • abuse, poverty

• Peasants looked to Luther for support

  • Thomas Muntzer came to support instead

  • led them into violence which broke out across Germany

• Luther wrote the pamphlet “Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasantry”

  • sided with the nobles to stay in their favor

  • said the nobles could do whatever was necessary to keep the peace

    • this led to aggression towards the peasants

How was the Lutheran Church organized?

• believed justification was done by grace through faith

• maintained baptism and the Lord’s Supper as sacraments

  • transubstantiation: taught that the bread is the body of Christ and the wine is the blood

• state-based and territorial

• a service of worship, preaching, and reading

Who was King Charles V?

• ruled over many European countries

  • Holy Roman Emperor

• 2 goals:

  • maintain political rule

  • preserve catholicism

What were some challenges Charles V faced that caused him to ignore Lutheranism?

• the French alliance with the Papacy

  • Charles disputed with the French over territory, leading to rivalry

  • The Papacy decided to side with the French in the rivalry

  • Charles ransacked Rome (breaking this connection)

• the ottoman empire

  • expanded into hungary and austria until they were repulsed in 1529

• Spain

• Italy

• Habsburg-Valois Wars

How did Charles V handle German politics and religion?

• Germany was made up of independent principalities that did not want to be controlled

  • many of the nobility were also allied with Luther

• Charles tried to control the Lutherans

  • Diet of Augsburg

    • Demanded Lutherans to convert

• Schmalkaldic League created

  • 8 princes and 11 states who defended the Word and each other

• Schmalkaldic wars

  • Protestants were defeated in the first battle

  • France allied with the Protestants

  • Charles made a truce

    • Peace of Augsburg: the nobility of Germany could determine the religion for their individual state to follow

What was the Protestant presence in Scandinavia?

• Union of Kalmar- attempted to unify Denmark, Norway, and Sweden under the same ruler

  • overthrown by Gustavus Vasa

• Vasa ruled Sweden

  • created “Sweden Lutheran National Church”

• Fredrick became ruler over Denmark

  • spread Lutheranism into the Danish Church

  • later Lutheranism was considered the state church, with the head being the king

• Norway experienced the movement

Who led the Zwinglian Reformation? Where did it take place?

• Ulrich Zwingli

  • influenced by Christian humanists while at university

  • joined a parish and became a priest

  • became a reformer and preached his ideas across the Swiss Confederation

How was the Zwinglian church organized?

• no distraction from christ

  • no relics, images, and music

• no customs (sacraments)

What was the Marburg Council? What were the results of it?

• German and Swiss protestants met to resolve their differences and become a unified front

  • were unable to agree on the Lord’s Supper

• war erupted between the Swiss cantons

  • violence and death

Who were the anabaptists?

• radical reformers

  • wanted an aggressive and full reformation of the church

What did the Anabaptists believe?

• the people of the church had undergone spiritual rebirth

• adult baptism

• followed the structure of the early church in the New Testament

  • everyone equal

• christian life was a life that involved suffering

• no violence should be condoned

• complete separation of church and state

What were the varieties of Anabaptists? How were they treated?

• Swiss Brethren expelled from Zurich

  • subject to the death penalty

  • fled to Moravia, Poland, Netherlands

• Munster legalized Anabaptism after an uprising

  • millenarianism: believed the end of the world was coming and Munster was the New Jerusalem

    • controlled the city

    • enforced communal property

    • only allowed for the bible

  • Catholics and Lutherans came together to end the city

• Mennonites (dutch Anabaptism)

  • created by Menno Simmons

  • strict and dedicated lifestyle

What was Henry VIII motivation to reform the English church?

• unable to divorce Catherine of Aragon

  • in love with his mistress Anne Boelyn

• two new advisors Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell encouraged him to cut off Papal authority to achieve what he wanted

How did Henry VIII break away from the Papacy? What were the effects?

• Act of Supremacy- broke the Church of England away from the Catholic Church of Rome

• Treason Act- punishable by death to deny that the kind was supreme over the church

• Thomas Cromwell

  • developed the church’s power

    • sold monasteries to the nobility in order

• the Church of England shared nearly all the same values, theology, and ceremony with the Catholic Church

Who was Thomas More?

• saw everything wrong with the Church of England

• tried and beheaded for treason

• after his death, many of his views were still held throughout the country

How was Protestantism spread through Henry VIII’s successors?

• Edward VI became king when he was 9

  • Cranmer had the control to move the church toward Protestantism

• Mary (Bloody Mary)

  • restored England to Catholicism

  • controversial politics

    • married Philip II

      • son of Charles V

      • connection to Spain

    • burned Protestant writings

  • to spite her politics, protestantism grew

Who was John Calvin? What did he believe?

• systematic theologian and organizer of the second generation of the Protestant Movement

• so filled by the Holy Spirit that he is considered on of the most passionate reformers

• beliefs

  • salvation by grace through faith

  • absolute sovereignty of christ

  • predestination: believed that God chose some to be saved (the elect) and some to be damned (the reprobate)

    • could be determined through baptism, communion, “a decent and godly life”, profession of faith

  • the Church was meant to preach the Word

  • the Lord’s Supper

  • Baptism

What was Calvin’s Geneva?

• city he decided to reform

• Ecclesial Ordinances: the new constitution Calvin wrote for the church

  • clergy and laymen

  • the consistory: used to enforce morals in a violent manner

• missionaries from the city spread the religion throughout Europe

How did the reformation impact the idea of marriage and family?

• marriage

  • celibacy should be done before marriage to avoid sin and give sex meaning

  • abolished clergical celibacy

  • loved shared within the marriage

• role of women in the family

  • divine/holy purpose was to bear children (mother and wife)

  • given a religious education

    • literate

    • trained to do religious practices with their husband

    • very little intellectual development

What were changes in education with the reformation?

• secondary schools and universities created by protestants

  • needed literate believers to read the bible

• children educated by the state

  • paid by the public

• separated students by age and capability

• schools prepared people to spread the gospel

What was the protestant view on pop culture?

• ended many holidays

• tried to ban certain things

  • drinking

  • performances

  • dancing

  • gift-giving

what was the counter-reformation?

• the reformative actions in response to the protestants

What was the catholic reformation?

• about the changes within the Papacy during the end of the 15th-mid 16th century

  • medieval catholicism revived

    • mysticism: visions experienced by Saint Teresa

      • led to a life of service

      • a group of mystic nuns

    • monasticism

    • religious orders (Dominicans, Benedictines, Capuchins)

    • new orders

      • Theatines: reformation of the clergy, orphanages, hospitals

      • Ursulines: established education for girls

Who were the Jesuits?

• founded by Ignatius Loyola

  • “soldier for God”

  • prayer, pilgrimage, education

  • wrote The Spiritual Exercises

    • exercises to strengthen a person’s involvement in the church

• values of the Jesuits

  • obedience to the papacy

  • education

  • “conflict for God”

    • similar to a military force

What did the Jesuits achieve?

• established high education

  • universities

  • believed only educated people could defeat the Protestants

  • best educators in Europe

• spread Catholicism

  • Francis Xavier

    • spread catholicism to India, Macalla, and Japan

  • Matteo Ricci

    • spread catholicism to china

    • utilized connections between philosophy and Christianity

• fight Protestantism

  • restored catholicism to parts of Germany, Eastern Europe and Poland

What did Pope Paul II do to reform the Papacy?

• took account of the corruption he and others had participated in

• appointed people to look into the corruption

• formally recognized the Jesuits

• called the Council of Trent

• held a colloquy as a last chance to compromise with the Protestants

  • ended with proposals but in the end, the conservative Catholics called them heresy

• created the Roman Inquisition/ Holy Office to end doctrinal error

What was the council of trent?

• called by Pope Paul II to resolve religious differences

  • March 1545-1563

• controversy over doctrine

  • catholic reformers favored doctrine that would encourage the protestants to return

  • conservatives wanted to solidify religious differences between Protestants and Catholics

    • conservatives won

• new doctrine

  • solidified their original values

  • sale of indulgences prohibited

  • priests had to be trained and audited

• allowed for the Catholics to be newly unified under the pope supremacy

what is mannerism art?

• reflected the environment (of anxiety, uncertainty, suffering, and yearning for spirituality) in its deliberate attempt to break down the High Renaissance principles

• elongated, disproportionate figures to show emotion

Who is a mannerist artist?

El Greco

• utilized yellows, greens, and grays to show an atmosphere of emotion

What was the baroque period?

Baroque art: brought classical ideals of art together with spiritual feelings during the 16th century religious reformation

• utilized dramatic effects to show emotion

• patronage by the catholic church, kings, princes

Who are some baroque artists?

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

• designed st. peter’s basilica

• architect and sculptor

• feelings of action, exuberance, profusion, and drama

Artemisia Gentileschi

• first woman to be elected to the Florentine Academy of Design

• paintings of old testament heroines

• Judith Beheading Holofernes

what was french classicism?

• used values of the high renaissance

• rejected baroque emotion

what was dutch realism?

Dutch Realism: paintings commissions by particians and burghers to portray realistic, secular life

Who are some famous dutch realism artists?

Judith Leyster

• portrayed average pictures of everyday life

• first female of the painting Guild of Saint Luke in Haarlem

Rembrandt Van Rijn

• painted portraits and colorful scenes

• did not paint secularly like the rest of dutch realism

• went down a path of personal artistic gain, with little financial gain

Where was theatre present?

France, Spain, and England