Crime and Deviance 120

Which sociologist is associated with the term Anomie?

Durkheim

What is meant by selective law enforcement?

The law is applied differently to different social groups.

What does the BCS stand for?

British Crime Survey.

Give one example of a crime that has increased due to globalization.

Cyber crime, Green crime, Drug trafficking, Human trafficking, weapons trafficking, money laundering.

Who is associated with the idea of panoptical prisons?

Foucault.

What are the four bonds that prevent crime according to Hirschi?

Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, Belief.

Give one example of formal agents of social control.

Criminal Justice system, Police, Courts, Prisons.

Which theory of gender differences is associated with Carlan?

Control Theory.

What term did Hobbs use to explain how crime now involves networks of people around the globe?

Glocal.

Name one study which shows the impact of environmental crime prevention methods.

NYC Port Authority bus terminal or Stoke Council streetlighting.

What are the 3 causes of crime according to the left realists?

Marginalisation, Relative Deprivation, Sub-cultures.

Which sociologist is associated with the status frustration cause of crime?

Albert Cohen.

What is the McPherson Report?

An investigation into allegations of institutional racism in the police force after the murder of Stephen Lawrence.

What did South mean by Primary Green crime?

Direct result of destruction of Earth’s resources, e.g. Air Pollution, Deforestation.

Which theory of crime control and prevention is associated with Wilson and Kelling?

Broken Window Theory.

What is another name for the interactionist theory of crime?

Labelling Theory.

What name does Becker give groups such as the media, police and those who have the power to create and enforce laws?

Moral Entrepreneurs.

What is the OCR and where does it come from?

Official Crime Rate – from police reports, court, and prison records.

According to Wall what are the 4 types of cyber crime?

Cyber Deception and Theft, Cyber Pornography, Cyber-Trespass, Cyber Violence.

Which social group is more likely to be a victim of violent crime?

Young working class males aged 17-24.

What is rational choice theory?

The idea that people make a conscious choice to commit crime.

With which theory of crime is Ian Taylor associated?

Neo-Marxism or New Criminology.

Which sociologist is associated with Masculinity Theory?

Messerschmidt.

What is meant by the Anthropocentric approach to green crime?

Humans have the right to exploit the environment and animal species for their own benefit.

What are Bauman and Lyon referring to by Liquid Surveillance?

The constant monitoring of actions and behavior through digital means.

What is the definition of a crime?

The breaking of the laws created by society.

To understand crime and deviance and how it is a social construction the neo-Marxists aim to create what?

A fully social theory.

Moore, Atkin and Chapman see the police as filters of crime. Name three ways that they filter crime.

Seriousness of crime, Social status of the victim, Classification of the crime.

What are the 3 stages of the spiral of state denial?

It didn’t happen; if it did it was something else; Even if it is what you say it is, it is justified.

What are the 4 roles of the CJS in preventing crime?

Deterrence, Retribution, Rehabilitation, Protection of the public.

What are the 5 reactions to strain according to Merton?

Conformity, Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism, Rebellion.

What is meant by Utilitarian Crime?

Crime for financial gain.

Identify 3 explanations for ethnic minority criminality?

Police targeting, Locality theory, Strain.

Identify 3 ways that the media could be considered a cause of crime?

Imitation, Arousal, Desensitization.

Which theory of crime control and prevention suggests that taking away opportunities for crime is the best method?

Situational crime prevention.

Who suggested that criminals could be identified by physical characteristics?

Lombroso.

What are the 3 positive features of crime according to Durkheim?

Boundary Maintenance, Social Cohesion, Adaptation and Change.

What is meant by corporate crime?

When a company or person commits a crime to benefit the company.

According to Kelman and Hamilton what are the three features that produce crimes of obedience?

Authorization, Routinization, Dehumanization.

According to Foucault how has punishment changed?

From sovereign power to disciplinary power.

Who suggested that crime itself is not functional but it is the publicising of it and the punishments that is functional?

Taylor, Walton and Young.

What are the three types of subculture according to Cloward and Ohlin?

Criminal, Conflict, Retreatism.

Who is associated with the Liberation Thesis?

Adler.

Give one example of a modern moral panic?

Black muggers (1970), HIV & Aids (1980s), Stanic Child Abuse.

What did Walklate mean by Secondary Victimisation?

Victims are accused of being to blame for the crime against them.

Which two sociologists are associated with the Chicago school and locality theory of crime?

Shaw and McKay.

In what 4 ways are crime and deviance seen as fluid?

Historical, Cultural, Contextual, Generational.

Who suggested that women commit less crime than men due to lack of opportunity?

Dunscombe and Marsden.

What is Zemiology?

The study of social harm.

Name one study that looked at Social and community crime prevention methods?

Perry Pre-School Project.

What is Disintegrative Shaming according to Braithwaite?

When the crime and criminal are considered bad and excluded from society.

Gordon stated that crime was a natural reaction to four capitalist foci –what are they?

Greed, Profit, Competition, Materialism.

What is meant by double deviancy?

When women not only break the law but also break socially acceptable roles.

What two reasons are suggest for state crime being so serious?

The scale of the crime and because the state is a source of law.

Hoyle identified 11 impacts of victimization, name 4?

Anger, anxiety, depression, withdrawal.

What is mean when crime is described as a ‘Safety Valve’?

Allowing smaller crimes to prevent larger crimes.

Reiman gave what as an example of selective law enforcement?

Benefits scroungers versus corporate tax dodgers.

Who suggested that ethnic minorities are over-policed and under-protected?

Phillips and Browning.

In what 5 ways has globalization impacted crime levels?

Cheaper travel, deregulation of financial services, easier movement of people, influence of global media.

Which three government departments are responsible for the criminal justice system?

Home Office, Attorney General, Ministry of Justice.

What is meant by master status?

When the given label is internalized and becomes the main identity.

What did Pearce mean by a False Consciousness of crime?

The occasional prosecution of corporate crime.

Give one weakness of victim studies?

Victims may not know they are a victim or rely on memory.

Who is associated with the idea of defining state crime by the harm they cause?

Michalowski.

Give one way that Prisons are not effective at preventing crime?

Schools of crime.

What are the three causes of crime according to the Right Realists?

Biological Differences, Socialization, Rational Choice.

In which zone did Shaw and McKay suggest there would be higher rates of crime?

Zones of transition.

Which 3 sociologists are associated with the chivalry thesis?

Pollock, Flood-Page, Hood.

How did Kidd-Hewitt and Osborne describe media distortion of crime?

Crime as a spectacle.

Who conducted the Kilburn Experiment into surveillance?

Newburn and Hayman.

What did Cicourel mean by typifications?

The stereotypes of a criminal that determine the labels.

What 6 elements are needed to create a fully social theory of crime?

Wider origin of deviance, Immediate origin of deviance, the Act itself, Immediate origins of societal reaction, Wider origins of societal reaction.

What is meant by social and cultural factors causes ethnic criminality?

Lack of socialization, labelling.

Give one reason why is it difficult to police green crime?

Transnational in nature.

Which theory of crime prevention is linked to the NYC clean car program?

Environmental Crime Prevention.

Give one example of context deviancy?

Bikini in town centre.

Which sociologist is associated with the interactionist approach to crime?

Becker.

Who suggested that black criminality is a result of resistance to inequality?

Gilroy.

How is the media a cause of the fear of crime?

Overrepresentation of violent crime.

What is positivist Victimology?

An attempt to find out why certain people are victims of crime.

What did Messner and Rosenfield mean by Institutional Anomie Theory?

Lower state welfare and free-market capitalism = higher crime rates.

What did Taylor Walton and Young mean by saying crime was Voluntarist?

People have free will and make a conscious choice.

Identify 3 explanations for lower class criminality?

Strain theory, status frustration, focal concerns.

How did Green and Ward define state crime?

Illegal activity perpetuated by or with the complicity of state agencies.

Which theories of crime prevention are associated with right realists?

Situational and Environmental Crime Prevention.

Which sociologist is associated with the Focal concerns explanation for crime?

Miller.

What do Marxists mean when they say that capitalism is criminogenic?

Capitalism leads to class inequality and poverty which lead to crime.

How does Parsons explain gender differences in crime?

Differential socialization.

Who suggested that the global criminal economy is worth over $1 trillion a year?

Castells.

What is meant by displacement as a criticism of Situational Crime Prevention?

It doesn’t prevent crime, just moves it to a new place.

What is reintegrative shaming according to Braithwaite?

Labelling the act, not the person.

Who suggests that Marxist explanation of crime romanticizes criminals?

Rock.

Identify 2 of the 5 types of white collar crime identified by Croall 2001?

Bribery & corruption, Fiddling expenses.

What 5 reasons did McRobbie and Thornton give to say that moral panics were outdated?

Frequency, Context, Reflexivity, Difficulty, Rebound.

Which sociologist is associated with positive victimology?

Tierney.

Who argues that the law is socially constructed by the ruling class to protect capitalist interests?

Box.

How does Chapman define corporate crime?

Illegal or morally suspect behavior carried out by high-ranking company officers.

Who conducted a study called Policing the Crisis?

Hall.

Which sociologists are associated with the Rational choice theory?

Cornish and Clarke.

What is meant by Deviancy amplification?

The process by which attempts to control deviance lead to more deviance.