i hear ur heart beat to the beat of the drums

lacteal

the lymphatic vessels of the small intestine that absorb digested fats. part of villi.

interstitial fluid

plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the arterioles and into the capillaries, and then flows into the spaces between the cells of the tissues. delivers nutrients, oxygen, hormones to cells.

lymph

10% of interstitial fluid, contains electrolytes and proteins. collects protein molecules created within cells as it leaves, enters capillaries and travels to neck, protects against infections

lymphatic circulatory system

point of origin -> base of neck -> filtered by lymph nodes located in lymphatic vessels

lymphatic capillaries

Small, open-ended lymph vessels that act like drain pipes which picks up lymph at tissues throughout the body

lymphatic vessels and ducts

the capillaries, vessels, and ducts that return lymph from the tissues to the venous bloodstream

thoracic duct

receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities. empties into subclavial vein

lymph node

a small knob of tissue in the lymphatic system that filters lymph, trapping bacteria and other microorganisms that cause disease

lymphocytes

leukocytes formed in bone marrow. undergo maturation and differentiation throughout the body, letting them fight off infection

natural killer cells (NK cells)

play an important role in the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses

B cells (B lymphocytes)

specialized lymphocytes that produce antibodies; most effective against viruses and bacteria that are circulating in the blood

plasma cells

Cells that develop from B cells and produce large volume of antibodies.

T cells (T lymphocytes)

specialized white blood cells that receive markers in the thymus, are responsible for cellular immunity, and assist with humoral immunity

cytokines

proteins secreted by cytotoxic T cells that act as intracellular signals to begin immune response (includes interferons and interleukins)

types of tonsils

adenoids (nasopharyngeal), palatine, lingual

vermiform appendix (appendix)

hangs from the lower portion of the cecum; consists of lymphoid tissue

spleen

mass of lymphoid tissue. filters blood, forms lymphocytes and monocytes, destroys worn-out erythrocytes, stores extra erythrocytes

antigen

any substance regarded as being foreign in the body (viruses, bacteria, toxins, transplanted tissues)

antibody

a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body

immunoglobulins

bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response, secreted by plasma cells

5 types of immunoglobulins

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD

phagocytes

a type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles. (monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells)

complement system

proteins in the blood that help antibodies and T cells kill their target

lymphoscintigraphy

a radioactive diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels

lymphedema

swelling of the tissues due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues. often associated w infections

primary vs secondary lymphedema

Primary: Due to congenital absence of ducts, or an obstruction. Secondary: Due to surgical removal, or radiation induced destruction.

systemic reaction (anaphylaxis)

also anaphylactic shock; severe response to an allergen; can quickly be fatal

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

Human immunodeficiency virus, the retrovirus that attacks the T cells and causes AIDS.

opportunistic infection

caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans

ELISA (enzyme-lined immunosorbent assay) and Western blot test

blood test that screens for presence of HIV antibodies

synthetic immunoglobulins

used as a postexposure preventive measure against certain viruses

cytotoxic drug

medication that kills or damages cells

septic shock

a serious condition that occurs when an overwhelming bacterial infection affects the body. causes vital organs to not function/fail completely

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

a strain of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus that has become resistant to most antibiotics

toxoplasmosis

a parasite that is most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated animal feces

measles

acute, highly contagious infection that is transmitted by respiratory droplets of the rubeola virus

mumps

acute viral infection that is characterized by the swelling of the parotid glands

rubella

a viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

herpes-type virus that usually causes disease when the immune system is compromised, most often a silent infection

varicella

chicken pox

herpes zoster (shingles)

a disease that involves a painful skin eruptions following path of inflamed nerve

infectious mononucleosis (mono)

an infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that is characterized by fever, a sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes

angiogenesis

tumour supports its growth by creating its own blood supply

metastisize

the process by which cancer spreads from one place to another. The cancer moves from the primary site and metastasizes (spreads) to a secondary site.

soft-tissue sarcomas

cancers of the muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, or other supporting tissue, including the synovial tissues that line the cavities of joints

liquid-tissue sarcomas

arise from blood and lymph

carcinoma

a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue

hard-tissue sarcomas

sarcomas that arise from bone or cartilage

Hodgkin's lymphoma

distinguished from other lymphomas by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells

infiltrating ductal carcinoma

starts in the milk duct, breaks through the wall of that duct, and invades the fatty breast tissue

infiltrating lobular carcinoma

cancer that starts in the milk glands, breaks through the wall of the gland, and invades the fatty tissue of the breast

radial mastectomy

the surgical removal of an entire breast and many of the surrounding tissues

antineoplastic

medication that blocks the development, growth, or proliferation of malignant cells

brachytherapy

the use of radioactive materials in contact with or implanted into the tissues to be treated

teletherapy

radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body

adjuvant therapy

used after the primary treatments have been completed to decrease the chance that a cancer will recur

A, Ab

antibody

AG, Ag

antigen

CA, Ca

cancer, carcinoma

CIS

carcinoma in situ

DCIS

ductal carcinoma in situ

HZ

herpes zoster

HL

Hodgkin's lymphoma

IG

immunoglobulin

MET

metastasis

met

metastisize

NHL

non-Hodgkin lymphoma

VSZ

varicella

perietal pericardium

fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the heart

pericardial fluid

fluid between perietal pericardium and visceral pericardium

visceral pericardium

inner layer of pericardium, outer layer of heart

coronary arteries

blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle

interventricular septum

partition between the right and left ventricles

pulmonary circulation

flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

systemic circulation

circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the lungs

sinoatrial node

pacemaker of the heart, located in posterior wall of right atrium near entrance of SVC

atrioventricular node

a node of specialized heart muscle located on floor of right atrium, transmits electral impulses to bundle of His

bundle of His (HISS)

a group of fibers located within the interventricular septum. carry electrical impulses to ensure sequence of heart contractions, travel to right and left ventricles and Purkinje fibres

purkinje fibres

specialized conductive fibres located in walls of ventricles. relay electrical impulses to ventrical cells, causing ventricular contraction

sinus rhythm

normal heart rhythm

P wave

due to stimulation (contraction) of atria

QRS complex

shows the stimulation (contraction) of the ventricles. the atria relax as the ventricles contract

T wave

recovery (relaxation) of ventricles

cartoid arteries

the major arteries that carry blood upward to the head

venae cavae

the two largest veins in the body; return blood into the heart

pulse

Beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries.

systolic pressure

Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles.

diastolic pressure

occurs when the ventricles are relaxed; the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery

plasma

contains nutrients, hormones, waste products. 91% water, 9% proteins (clotting proteins)

serum

plasma fluid after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed

fibrinogen and prothrombin

clotting proteins found in plasma

Neutrophils

most common type of wbc, engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.

basophils

releases histamine, least common type of wbc, can form in red bone marrow

eosinophils

formed in red bone marrow and then migrate to tissues throughout the body, fight parasitic organisms, play major role in allergic reactions

monocyte

formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen. fight infections through phagocytosis

vascular surgeon

a physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels

coronary artery disease (CAD)

atherosclerosis of coronary arteries, reduces blood supply to heart, causes insufficient oxygen supply (angina, heart attack, death)

atherosclerosis

hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries

plaque

A deposit of fatty material on the inner lining of an arterial wall

atheroma

a deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall