Pulmonary - Pulmonary Pathology II

pneumonia =

ANY infection of the lung

- includes viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites

T or F: pneumonia only includes bacterial infection of the lung

FALSE

- pneumonia includes ANY infection of the lung

if the pathogen associated with pneumonia cannot be identified, how is pneumonia classified?

clinical setting

community acquired acute pneumonia is usually caused by...

bacteria: Streptococcus pneumoniae

what is the most common cause of community-acquired acute pneumonia?

bacteria: Streptococcus pneumoniae

the pathogen associated with community-acquired atypical pneumonia is...

mycoplasma

what is nosocomial pneumonia?

pulmonary infections acquired during hospital stay

what pathogen is usually responsible for nosocomial pneumonia?

Usually gram-negative rods

nosocomial pneumonia is common in which patients?

• Severe underlying disease

• Immunosuppression

• H/O prolonged antibiotic regimens

the following are clinical features of what pathology?

- Rare oral lesions typically present as painless ulcers

• 0.5-5.0% of infected patients have clinically evident lesions

• Most cases represent secondary infection

• Rare primary cases

• Bone involvement may be seen

tuberculosis

The following are characteristics of what pathology?

• Most often localized when in otherwise healthy patients,disseminated when in immunocompromised

• Granulomatous inflammation due to bacteria or fungi

• Tuberculosis causes 6% of all deaths worldwide

chronic pneumonia

The following are characteristics of what pathology?

• Abnormal gag and swallowing reflexes facilitate aspiration

• Infection partly chemical and partly bacterial

• Abscess formation common in survivors

Aspiration Pneumonia

in which pneumonia do organisms often have typical geographic distribution?

fungal pneumonia

which pneumonia is associated with Histoplasma capsulatum?

fungal pneumonia

which pathology is prevalent in Ohio and the Mississippi river valley?

fungal pneumonia

what pneumonia is more common on right when due to aspiration of infective material?

necrotizing pneumonia

infection with what is often seen with hematologic malignancy or diabetes?

mucormycosis

what accounts for 95% of neoplastic disease of the lungs?

bronchogenic carcinomas

bronchogenic carcinomas 5-year survival rate?

16%

the following are characteristics of what pathology?

- 13% of all cancers in USA

- 228,150 estimated diagnoses in USA 2019

- 142,670 estimated deaths annually in USA

bronchogenic carcinomas

for which pathology has a incidence declining since 1980s for men, since mid-2000sfor women

bronchogenic carcinomas

what are the 4 main histopathological types of bronchogenic carcinoma?

• Adenocarcinoma (38%)

• Squamous cell carcinoma (20%)

• Small cell anaplastic carcinoma (14%)

• Large cell anaplastic carcinoma (3%)

• Mixed types (25%)

The following are characteristics of what neoplastic lung disease?

- Equal gender incidence, but most common type in women

- Not as closely linked to cigarette smoking as other types

adenocarcinoma

The following are characteristics of what neoplastic lung disease?

- Male predilection

- Closely correlated with smoking history

- Arise centrally in major bronchi

squamous cell carcinoma

The following are characteristics of what neoplastic lung disease?

- Most aggressive lung cancer

• Metastasis usually present at diagnosis

- Lung cancer most often associated with ectopic hormone production

small cell lung carcinoma

what is the most aggressive lung cancer?

small cell lung carcinoma

Lung cancer metastasis being a presenting feature in 70% of cases is a feature of what neoplastic lung disease?

large cell carcinoma

you will see paraneoplastic syndromes in what percentage of lung cancer patients, generally with small cell carcinomas?

3-10%

compare the prognosis between non-small cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma

Non-small cell carcinoma (21%) slightly better than small cell (7%)

what is the most common cause of pleural effusions?

congestive heart failure

what are the most common neoplasms of the pleura?

metastatic tumors

- Rare but strongly associated with asbestos exposure

- Long latent period up to 40 years

- No increased risk among smokers

mesothelioma

what is the most common primary neoplasm of pleura?

mesothelioma

Mesothelioma prognosis:

50% one year survival

what is due to deficiency of surfactant in the lungs?

hyaline membrane disease

- Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn (RDS)

what are the most significant complications in cystic fibrosis?

pulmonary changes