Freud p439-443 plus defense mechanisms Jung p445 Horney p446 Adler inferiority p447 Trait theory p449 Big five p450-451 Skinner p452-453 Social cognitive and efficacy Bandura p453 Humanistic Rogers p459 psychological tests validity reliability norming P462 self-report MMPI-2-RF projective tests, Rorschach, TAT p466

What are the key ideas of Freud's theories?

Focuses on the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences.

What are the Psychosexual Stages identified by Freud?

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages.

What are the structures of personality according to Freud?

Id (pleasure principle), ego (reality principle), and superego (moral conscience).

What is repression in the context of defense mechanisms?

Blocking unacceptable thoughts from consciousness.

What does regression refer to in defense mechanisms?

Returning to an earlier stage of development.

What is displacement as a defense mechanism?

Redirecting feelings to a less threatening target.

What does sublimation mean in terms of psychological coping?

Channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities.

What is reaction formation?

Acting the opposite of how one feels.

What does rationalization involve in defense mechanisms?

Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior.

What is projection according to defense mechanisms?

Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to another person.

What does denial mean in psychological terms?

Refusing to accept reality.

What are the key ideas of Jung's theories?

Expanded on Freud's theories, emphasizing the collective unconscious and archetypes.

What is the collective unconscious?

Shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history.

What are archetypes according to Jung?

Universal, symbolic representations of particular types of people, objects, ideas, or experiences.

What is the persona in Jung's theories?

The mask we wear in public, hiding our true selves.

What does the shadow represent in Jungian psychology?

The dark side of our personality, containing primitive and negative emotions and impulses.

What did Horney focus on in her theories?

The impact of social and cultural factors on personality development, particularly anxiety.

What is basic anxiety according to Horney?

Feeling of being isolated and helpless in a hostile world.

What are neurotic needs?

Strategies to cope with basic anxiety, such as the need for power, affection, or approval.

What does moving toward people mean in Horney's theories?

Seeking acceptance and approval.

What is moving against people according to Horney?

Seeking power and control.

What does moving away from people involve?

Seeking independence and detachment.

What are the key ideas of Adler's theories?

Emphasized the importance of overcoming feelings of inferiority and striving for superiority.

What is the inferiority complex?

Feelings of inadequacy and insecurity that drive behavior.

What does superiority complex mean?

Exaggerated sense of self-importance to mask underlying feelings of inferiority.

What does striving for superiority refer to in Adler's theories?

Innate drive to overcome feelings of inferiority and achieve personal growth.

What is social interest in Adler's theory?

Concern for the welfare of others and a desire to contribute to society.

What does trait theory focus on?

Identifying and measuring stable personality traits.

What are traits in the context of personality psychology?

Enduring patterns of behavior, thoughts, and emotions.

Who is Gordon Allport and what did he contribute to trait theory?

Identified thousands of traits and distinguished between cardinal, central, and secondary traits.

What did Raymond Cattell do in relation to trait theory?

Used factor analysis to identify 16 personality factors.

What are the Big Five dimensions of personality?

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

What does operant conditioning refer to?

Learning through consequences, such as reinforcement and punishment.

What is reinforcement in behavior psychology?

Increases the likelihood of a behavior.

What does punishment do in behavior psychology?

Decreases the likelihood of a behavior.

What is reciprocal determinism?

The ongoing interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors.

What is self-efficacy?

Belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task.

What is observational learning?

Learning by watching others.

What are the key ideas of humanistic psychology according to Rogers?

Emphasizes the importance of self-actualization and personal growth.

What is self-actualization?

The process of fulfilling one's potential and becoming the best version of oneself.

What does unconditional positive regard mean?

Acceptance and love without conditions.

What are conditions of worth?

Conditions that must be met in order to feel worthy of love and acceptance.

What is client-centered therapy?

A therapeutic approach that emphasizes empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard.

What does validity refer to in psychological testing?

The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.

What does reliability mean in the context of psychological tests?

The consistency of a test's results over time or across different administrations.

What is norming in psychological tests?

The process of establishing norms for a test by administering it to a large, representative sample of individuals.

What is a self-report test?

A type of test in which individuals provide information about their own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

What is the MMPI-2-RF?

A widely used self-report personality inventory that assesses a range of psychological symptoms and personality traits.

What are projective tests?

Tests in which individuals are presented with ambiguous stimuli and asked to interpret them.

What is the Rorschach Inkblot Test?

A projective test in which individuals are shown inkblots and asked to describe what they see.

What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

A projective test in which individuals are shown ambiguous pictures and asked to tell a story about them.