Freud p439-443 plus defense mechanisms Jung p445 Horney p446 Adler inferiority p447 Trait theory p449 Big five p450-451 Skinner p452-453 Social cognitive and efficacy Bandura p453 Humanistic Rogers p459 psychological tests validity reliability norming P462 self-report MMPI-2-RF projective tests, Rorschach, TAT p466

Freud (p439-443)

• Key Ideas: Focuses on the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences.
  • Psychosexual Stages: Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages.
  • Structures of Personality: Id (pleasure principle), ego (reality principle), and superego (moral conscience).
  • Defense Mechanisms: Psychological strategies to cope with unacceptable thoughts and feelings.

Defense Mechanisms

• Repression: Blocking unacceptable thoughts from consciousness.
• Regression: Returning to an earlier stage of development.
• Displacement: Redirecting feelings to a less threatening target.
• Sublimation: Channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities.
• Reaction Formation: Acting the opposite of how one feels.
• Rationalization: Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior.
• Projection: Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to another person.
• Denial: Refusing to accept reality.

Jung (p445)

• Key Ideas: Expanded on Freud's theories, emphasizing the collective unconscious and archetypes.
  • Collective Unconscious: Shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history.
  • Archetypes: Universal, symbolic representations of particular types of people, objects, ideas, or experiences.
  • Persona: The mask we wear in public, hiding our true selves.
  • Shadow: The dark side of our personality, containing primitive and negative emotions and impulses.

Horney (p446)

• Key Ideas: Focused on the impact of social and cultural factors on personality development, particularly anxiety.
  • Basic Anxiety: Feeling of being isolated and helpless in a hostile world.
  • Neurotic Needs: Strategies to cope with basic anxiety, such as the need for power, affection, or approval.
  • Moving Toward People: Seeking acceptance and approval.
  • Moving Against People: Seeking power and control.
  • Moving Away from People: Seeking independence and detachment.

Adler (Inferiority) (p447)

• Key Ideas: Emphasized the importance of overcoming feelings of inferiority and striving for superiority.
  • Inferiority Complex: Feelings of inadequacy and insecurity that drive behavior.
  • Superiority Complex: Exaggerated sense of self-importance to mask underlying feelings of inferiority.
  • Striving for Superiority: Innate drive to overcome feelings of inferiority and achieve personal growth.
  • Social Interest: Concern for the welfare of others and a desire to contribute to society.

Trait Theory (p449)

• Key Ideas: Focuses on identifying and measuring stable personality traits.
  • Traits: Enduring patterns of behavior, thoughts, and emotions.
  • Gordon Allport: Identified thousands of traits and distinguished between cardinal, central, and secondary traits.
  • Raymond Cattell: Used factor analysis to identify 16 personality factors.

Big Five (p450-451)

• Key Ideas: Five broad dimensions of personality that capture the most important individual differences.
  • Openness: Imaginative, curious, and open to new experiences.
  • Conscientiousness: Organized, responsible, and dependable.
  • Extraversion: Outgoing, sociable, and assertive.
  • Agreeableness: Cooperative, compassionate, and empathetic.
  • Neuroticism: Anxious, moody, and emotionally unstable.

Skinner (p452-453)

• Key Ideas: Emphasized the role of environmental factors in shaping behavior.
  • Operant Conditioning: Learning through consequences, such as reinforcement and punishment.
  • Reinforcement: Increases the likelihood of a behavior.
  • Punishment: Decreases the likelihood of a behavior.

Social Cognitive and Efficacy (Bandura) (p453)

• Key Ideas: Focuses on the interaction between cognitive processes, behavior, and the environment.
  • Reciprocal Determinism: The ongoing interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors.
  • Self-Efficacy: Belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task.
  • Observational Learning: Learning by watching others.

Humanistic (Rogers) (p459)

• Key Ideas: Emphasizes the importance of self-actualization and personal growth.
  • Self-Actualization: The process of fulfilling one's potential and becoming the best version of oneself.
  • Unconditional Positive Regard: Acceptance and love without conditions.
  • Conditions of Worth: Conditions that must be met in order to feel worthy of love and acceptance.
  • Client-Centered Therapy: A therapeutic approach that emphasizes empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard.

Psychological Tests (Validity, Reliability, Norming) (p462)

• Key Concepts:
  • Validity: The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
  • Reliability: The consistency of a test's results over time or across different administrations.
  • Norming: The process of establishing norms for a test by administering it to a large, representative sample of individuals.

Self-Report (MMPI-2-RF)

• Key Features:
  • Self-Report: A type of test in which individuals provide information about their own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
  • MMPI-2-RF: A widely used self-report personality inventory that assesses a range of psychological symptoms and personality traits.

Projective Tests (Rorschach, TAT) (p466)

• Key Features:
  • Projective Tests: Tests in which individuals are presented with ambiguous stimuli and asked to interpret them.
  • Rorschach Inkblot Test: A projective test in which individuals are shown inkblots and asked to describe what they see.
  • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): A projective test in which individuals are shown ambiguous pictures and asked to tell a story about them.