Chapter 3 Princeton

abiotic

related to factors or things that are separate and independent from living things, nonliving.

acid

any compound that releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. Also, a water solution that contains a surplus of hydrogen ions.

air mass

mass-enormous bodies of air that move as a unit.

A layer

a soil horizon the layer below the O layer is called the A layer. The A layer is formed of weathered rock, with some organic material often referred to as
topsoil.

alkaline

a basic substance chemically, a substance that absorbs hydrogen ions releases hydroxyl ions, in reference to natural water, a measure of the base content of the water.

aquifer

an underground layer of porous rock, sand, or other material that allows the movement of water between layers of nonporous rock or clay. Aquifers are frequently tapped for wells.

arable

land that's fit to be cultivated.
asthenosphere -- the part of the mantle that lies just below the lithosphere.

atmosphere

the gaseous mass or envelope surrounding a celestial body especially the one surrounding the earth which is retained by the celestial body's gravitational field.

barrier island

a long, relatively narrow island running parallel to the mainland,built up by the action of waves and currents and serving to protect the coast from erosion by surf and tidal surges.

biological weathering

any weathering that's caused by the activities of living
organisms.

biotic

living or derived from living things.

B layer

a soil horizon,receives the minerals and organic materials that are leached out of the A horizon.

chemical weathering

the result of chemical interaction with the bedrock that is typical of the action of both water and atmospheric gases.

C layer

a soil horizon, is made up of larger pieces of rock that have not undergone much weathering.

clay

the finest soil, made up of particles that are less than 0.002 mm in diameter.

conduction

the transmission or conveying of something through a medium or passage, especially the transmission of electric charge or heat through a conducting medium without perceptible motion of the medium itself.

convection

the vertical movement of a mass of matter because of heating and cooling, this can happen in both the atmosphere and Earth's mantle.

convection currents

air currents caused by the vertical movement of air due to atmospheric heating and cooling.

convergent boundary

a plate boundary where two plates are moving toward eachother.

coral reef

an erosion-resistant marine ridge or mound consisting chiefly of compacted coral together with algal material and biochemically deposited magnesium and calcium carbonates.

Coriolis effect

The observed effect of the Coriolis force, especially the deflection of an object moving above the earth, rightward in the Northern Hemisphere, and leftward in the
Southern Hemisphere.

crop rotation

the practice of alternating the crops grown on a piece of land-for example, corn one year, legumes for two years, and then back to corn.

delta

a usually triangular alluvial deposit at the mouth of a river.

divergent boundary

a plate boundary at which plates are moving away from each other. This causes an upwelling of magma from the mantle to cool and form new crust.

doldrums

a region of the ocean near the equator, characterized by calms, lightmwinds, or squalls.

drip irrigation

a method of supplying irrigation water through tubes that literally drip water onto the soil at the base of each plant.

earthquake

the result of vibrations that release energy. They often occur as twomplates slide past one another at a transform boundary.

convergent boundaries

are responsible for the most powerful and deep earthquakes

El Nino

a climate variation that takes place in the tropical Pacific about every (3-7) three to seven years, for a duration of about one year.

Pacific Ocean surface waters in the central/eastern equatorial region become unusually warm

El Niño is a natural climate pattern where _____________, weakening east-to-west trade winds, which disrupts global weather, causing altered rainfall (droughts/floods) and temperature shifts, typically every 3-7 years, as the "warm phase" of theEl Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle, opposite to La Niña.

‘the child’

El Nino basically means

little girl

La Nina literally means

El Nino Southern Oscillations or the ENSO.

In normal times, when the tropical South Pacific Ocean experiences high pressure, alternatively the tropical Indian Ocean experiences low pressure conditions. However, these pressure conditions are sometimes reversed, and result in low pressure in the Pacific and alternatively high pressure in the Indian Ocean. This is the periodic change in pressure conditions which is referred to as the Southern Oscillation.   These changes in the pressure conditions being developed in the Pacific and Indian oceans are connected with the phenomenon of El Nino. This connected phenomenon is referred to as the ______________________.

warming , cooling

"Enso" most commonly refers to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a major climate pattern of ______(El Niño) and _____(La Niña) in the tropical Pacific affecting global weather.

erosion

the process of soil particles being carried away by wind or water. Erosion moves the smaller particles first and hence degrades the soil to a coarser, sandier,stonier texture.

estuary

the part of the wide lower course of a river where its current is met by the tides. (brackish water)

fault

the place where two plates abut each other

squall

A _________is a sudden, sharp increase in wind speed lasting minutes, as opposed to a wind gust, which lasts for only seconds

Green Revolution

the development and introduction of new varieties of (mainly) wheat and rice that has increased yields per acre dramatically in countries since the 1960s.

greenhouse effect

the phenomenon whereby the earth's atmosphere traps solar radiation, caused by the presence in the atmosphere of gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane that allow incoming sunlight to pass through but absorb heat radiated back from the earth's surface.

Hadley cell

a system of vertical and horizontal air circulation predominating in tropical and subtropical regions and creating major weather patterns. keywords: circulation, subtropical.

headwaters

the water from which a river rises a source.

horizon

a layer of soil.

humus

the dark, crumbly, nutrient-rich material that results from the decomposition of organic material.

T hurricane (typhoon, cyclone)

a severe tropical cyclone originating in the equatorial regions of the Atlantic Ocean or Caribbean Sea or eastern regions of the Pacific Ocean, traveling north, northwest, or northeast from its point of origin, and usually involving heavy rains.

inner core

the molten core of the Earth.

Iron & Nickel:

__________ The main metallic components, making up the bulk of the core. 

Light Elements: Sulfur, oxygen, and silicon are present, influencing its density and properties. 

insolation

the delivery rate of solar radiation per unit of horizontal surface.

jet stream

a high-speed, meandering wind current, generally moving from a westerly direction at speeds often exceeding 400 km (250 miles) per hour at altitudes of 15 to 25 km (10 to 15 miles).

key: fast river of air that flows high up in the sky ✈☁.

• Hot air and cold air meet

• The air moves fast where they meet

land degradation

when soil becomes water-logged and then dries out, and salt forms a layer on its surface.

La Niña

a cooling of the ocean surface off the western coast of South America, occurring periodically every 4 to 12 years and affecting Pacific and other: weather patterns.

lithosphere

the outer part of the Earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle, approximately 100 km (62 miles) thick.

loamy

soil composed of a mixture of sand, clay, silt, and organic matter. mantle-the layer of the earth between the crust and the core.

humus, loam

Ang_____ay nabubulok na organikong materyal, samantalang ang____ ay uri ng lupang may halong buhangin, banlik, luwad, at humus.

monoculture

the cultivation of a single crop on a farm or in a region or countr, amsingle, homogeneous culture without diversity or dissension.

monsoon

a wind system that influences large climatic regions and reverses direction seasonally.

O layer

the uppermost horizon of soil. It is primarily made up of organic material, including waste from organisms, the bodies of decomposing organisms, and live
organisms. physical (mechanical) weathering-any process that breaks rock down into smaller pieces without changing the chemistry of the rock, typically wind and water.

HURRICANE

EAST
PACIFIC, ATLANTIC

TYPHOON

WEST
PACIFIC

CYCLONE

INDIAN
OCEAN, AUSTRALIA

western

Philippines is located in the ____ part of the Pacific Ocean,

EL NINO

TROPICAL
PACIFIC, 3-7 YEARS

LA NINA

SOUTH
AMERICA, 4-12 YEARS

MOHO

The division in the lithosphere between the crust and the mantle is called the Mohorovicic
discontinuity, does not
exist at a uniform depth, because not
all regions of Earth are equally balanced in isostatic equilibrium

Conrad Discontinuity:

Transition  zone between SIAL and SIMA.

Repiti Discontinuity

Transition zone between Outer mantle and Inner mantle.

Gutenberg Discontinuity

Transition zone between Mantle and Core.

Lehman Discontinuity:

Transition zone between Outer core and Inner core.

Fission splits a large atom into smaller ones, while fusion joins small atoms together.

Which statement BEST describes the difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion?

used in nuclear power plants

If Fusion → happens in the Sun ☀

Fission → ______________

The Sun produces energy using nuclear fusion, which joins small atoms together.

Which statement about the Sun’s energy is CORRECT?

plate boundaries

the edges of tectonic plates.

prior appropriation

when water rights are given to those who have historically used the water in a certain area.

rain shadow

the low-rainfall region that exists on the leeward (downwind) side of a mountain range. This rain shadow is the result of the mountain range's causing precipitation on the windward side.

red tide

a bloom of dinoflagellates that causes reddish discoloration of coastal ocean waters. Certain dinoflagellates of the genus Gonyamlax produce toxins that kill fish and contaminate shellfish.

R horizon

The bedrock, which lies below all of the other layers of soil, is referred to as the

riparian right

the right, as to fishing or to the use of a riverbed, of one who owns riparian land (the land adjacent to a river or stream).

salinization

the process in which soil becomes saltier and saltier until, finally, the salt prevents the growth of plants. Salinization is caused by irrigation, as salts brought in with the water remain in the soil as water evaporates.

sand

the coarsest soil, with particles 0.05-2.0 mm in diameter.

silt

soil with particles 0.002-0.05 mm in diameter.

Southern Oscillation

the atmospheric pressure conditions corresponding to the periodic warming of El Niño and cooling of La Niña.

subduction zone

in tectonic plates, the site at which an oceanic plate is sliding under a continental plate.

thermocline

a layer in a large body of water, such as a lake, that sharply separates regions differing in temperature, so that the temperature gradient across the layer is
abrupt.

thermosphere

the outermost shell of the atmosphere, between the mesosphere and outer space, where temperatures increase steadily with altitude.

topsoil

the A layer of soil is often referred to as topsoil and is most important for plant growth.

trade winds

the more or less constant winds blowing in horizontal directions over the earth's surface, as part of Hadley cells.

transform boundary

also known as transform faults, boundaries at which plates are moving past each other, sideways.

tropical storm

a cyclonic storm having winds ranging from approximately 48 to 121 km (30 to 75 miles) per hour.

upwelling

a process in which cold, often nutrient-rich, waters from the ocean depths rise to the surface.

volcanoes

an opening in the earth's crust through which molten lava, ash, and gases are ejected.

watershed

the region draining into a river system or other body of water.
water-scarce-countries that have a renewable annual water supply of less than 1,000 m3 per person.

water-stressed

countries that have a renewable annual water supply of about 1,000-2,000 m3 per person.

weather

the day-to-day variations in temperature, air pressure, wind, humidity, and precipitation mediated by the atmosphere in a given region.

weathering

the gradual breakdown of rock into smaller and smaller particles, caused by natural chemical, physical, and biological factors.

wetlands

a lowland area, such as a marsh or swamp, that is saturated with mois ture, especially when regarded as the natural habitat of wildlife.