NVHS Blood, Sweat, and Air Unit 5 Test

2023-2024

cellular respiration

Set of processes that releases energy by breaking down glucose

mitochondria

An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.

Glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues.

water

byproduct of aerobic respiration, kept in cells

Oxygen

final electron acceptor in the ETC, reactant

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

gas produced during the breakdown of pyruvate in Kreb's Cycle

Aerobic

Process that requires oxygen

Anaerobic

Process that does not require oxygen

Glycolysis

first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules, happens in cytoplasm

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

completes the breakdown of glucose, occurs in mitochondrial matrix

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to generate ATP, occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Electron

negatively charged particle that powers the formation of ATP

NADH and FADH2

electron carriers

lactic acid

Produced in muscle cells under anaerobic conditions) so that glycolysis can continue. A rise in lactic acid usually accompanies an increase in physical activity.

pyruvate (pyruvic acid)

a three-carbon molecule formed from glucose during glycolysis

Fermentation

anaerobic process done by some bacteria and yeast that produces ethanol

cellular respiration formula

C6H12O2 + 6O2 ------> 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy (ATP)

Net ATP production of aerobic respiration

36-38 ATP

products/reactants of glycolysis

products = pyruvate (2/molecule of glucose), NADH, and ATP (2 net atp) reactants = glucose, ATP, NAD+

products/reactants of Acetyl-CoA formation

Products: NADH, Acetyl-CoA, C02 Reactants: Pyruvate, NAD+

products/reactants of Krebs cycle

Products: (2)ATP, C02, NADH, FADH2, CoA Reactants: NAD+, FAD, ADP, Acetyl-CoA

products/reactants of Electron Transport Chain

Products: 32-34 ATP, H20, NAD+, FAD, Reactants: NADH, FADH2, ADP, O2

fermentation (anaerobic respiration, 2 types)

enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen (Lactic acid Fermentation: Produces Lactic acid, 2 ATP, and Nad+) (Ethyl alcohol: produces Ethyl Alcohol, ATP, C02)

During cellular respiration, what diffuses in and out of the mitochondria?

In: O2, Pyruvate

Out: Co2, H20

respiratory system

Brings oxygen into the body, gets rid of carbon dioxide using lungs

Digestive system

body system that breaks down food and absorbs nutrients

circulatory system

Transports oxygen, waste (Co2), nutrients, hormones, heat, etc... around the body.

Which two systems in cellular respiration use energy?

Krebs cycle, Glycolysis

What is homeostasis?

Maintaining a stable internal environment

How does the circulatory, respiratory and digestive systems help to maintain homeostasis?

Circulatory: Transports supplies to necessary parts of the body, transports waste Respiratory: Supplies blood with O2, gets rid of Co2 Digestive: Harvests nutrients from food

What are feedback mechanisms?

processes used to maintain homeostasis by increasing or decreasing a cellular response to an event

What happened in the yeast lab?

We measured the rate of cellular respiration of yeast in different conditions by seeing how much C02 was released from cell respiration, which filled a balloon

What happened in the Tennis Ball Lab?

We saw how lactic acid buildup from Lactic acid fermentation (Anaerobic Respiration) effected the performance of a muscle.

What was the purpose of the homeostasis lab?

We saw how heart rate and breath rate were affected (increased) by exercise.