McGraw Hill Chapter 20: Vessels and Circulation

What drains capillaries?

veins

the space within a vessel through which blood flows is the

lumen

the innermost layer of a blood vessel wall is the tunica

intima

which is the innermost layer of a blood vessel wall?

tunica intima

what is the term that describes an artery and vein that travel together and supply the same body region?

companion vessels

which are the major classes of blood vessels?

veins, arteries, capillaries

arteries branch into __________ vessels as they extend from the heart to the capillaries

smaller

the walls of arteries and veins have three layers called

tunics or tunica

which type of artery has the largest lumen diameter?

elastic artery

identify the layers of the blood vessels on the figure.

A- tunica intima B- tunica media C- tunica externa

which type of artery has a large proportion of elastic fibers throughout all three tunics, especially the tunica media?

elastic artery

what layer of the blood vessel wall is compose4d of endothelium and a subendothelial layer of areolar connective tissue?

tunica intima

the aorta, pulmonary arteries, brachiocephalic arteries, and common iliac arteries are examples of ________

elastic arteries

companion blood vessels supply _________

the same body region

Which arteries are also known as distributing arteries because they distribute blood to the body organs and tissues?

muscular arteries

which blood vessels become progressively smaller and branch as they extend from the heart?

arteries

arterioles are_______

not named

which arteries are also called conducting arteries because they conduct blood away from the heart to the smaller muscular arteries?

elastic arteries

the walls of capillaries contain only the ________ intima allowing for rapid gas and nutrient exchange between the blood and tissues.

tunica

the presence of abundant __________ fibers in the walls of elastic arteries allows them to stretch and withstand the strong pulsations of blood as it is ejected from the heart

elastic

the smallest blood vessels in the cardiovascular system are the

capillaries

which are elastic arteries?

aorta

inferior mesenteric artery

common carotid artery

brachial artery

aorta

common carotid artery

the medium-sized ___________ arteries are also called distributing arteries because they distribute blood to body organs and tissues

muscular

which are types of capillaries?

large

sinusoids

elastic

muscular

fenestrated

continuous

sinusoids

fenestrated

continuous

the smallest type of arteries are the _____

arterioles

In the figure, a _________ capillary is shown

Fenestrated

what is the only tunic present in capillaries?

tunica intima

which methods are used to pass materials through the walls of continuous capillaries?

simple diffusion

pinocytosis

facilitated diffusion

simple diffusion

pinocytosis

Capillaries connect ________

arterioles to venules

which type of capillaries are found in muscle, skin, lungs, and the central nervous system

continuous capillaries

identify the type of capillary shown in the figure provided

continuous capillary

what type of capillary is shown in the figure?

sinusoid

which type of capillaries has pores within each endothelial cell and a continuous basement membrane?

fenestrated

which type of capillaries uses simple diffusion or pinocytosis to pass materials through the vessel walls?

continuous capillaries

where are fenestrated capillaries found within the body?

skin

spleen

kidney

small intestine

kidney

small intestine

where are continuous capillaries found within the body?

bone marrow

skin

small intestine

muscle

skin

muscle

the large gaps and discontinuous or absent basement membrane of ___ allow this type of capillary to transport larger materials such as proteins or cells

sinusoids

which type of capillaries are found in the bone marrow, spleen, and liver, where large materials need to enter and exit the blood

sinusoids

the endothelial cells of ___________ capillaries have pores that permit small molecules to move out of the vessel

fenestrated

a capillary bed is fed by a

metarteriole

which type of capillaries are found where a great deal of fluid transport between the blood and interstitial fluid occurs, such as the small intestine, the ciliary process of the eye, most endocrine glands, and the kidneys?

fenestrated capillaries

which drains a capillary bed?

postcapillary venule

the smallest veins are the

venules

where are sinusoids found within the body?

kidney

liver

bone marrow

muscles

spleen

liver

bone marrow

spleen

In a capillary bed, the distal part of the metarteriole, called the _________ _________ connects to a postcapillary venule

thoroughfare channel

True or False: Blood transported to and from the spleen is an example of a simple blood flow pathway

True

In a capillary bed, the thoroughfare channel connects to a____

postcapillary venule

the smallest venules are called _________ venules

postcapillary

which type of capillaries are found in the bone marrow, spleen, and liver, where larger materials need to enter and exit the blood?

sinusoids

which have the largest cross-sectional areas?

capillaries (10 billion)

exchange processes that occur in capillaries include________

diffusion

vesicular transport

bulk flow

the sodium/potassium pump

diffusion

vesicular transport

bulk flow

the simple pathway of blood flow to an organ or body region includes an artery, capillary bed, and a ________

vein or veins

when substances such as oxygen and nutrients move from high concentration in the blood to low concentrations in the tissue cells, it is called

diffusion

bulk flow refers to the movement of large amounts of fluids and their dissolved substances in one direction _________ a pressure gradient

down, following, with, or along

the companion vessels to the arterioles are the

venules

which two have similar cross-sectional areas?

veins

capillaries

arteries

veins

arteries

net filtration pressure refers to the difference between net hydrostatic pressure and net colloid osmotic pressure across a _________ membrane

capillary

the function of capillaries is

the exchange of substances between blood and surrounding tissues

True or False: large solutes may diffuse via the endothelial cells or intercellular clefts

false

the 15% to 20% of the fluid that isn't reabsorbed into the capillary is picked up by the _________ ___________ and filtered before it is returned to the blood

lymphatic system

the movement of large amounts of fluids and their dissolved substances in one direction down a pressure gradient is called _________ flow

bulk

the ultimate goal of the cardiovascular system is for adequate _________ of all tissues

perfusion

organs that are highly active metabolically are highly vascularized. which organs are very metabolically active?

heart

brain

liver

skeletal muscles

the pressure that is the difference between the net hydrostatic pressure and the net colloid osmotic pressure is called __________ filtration pressure

net

Chemicals classified as either vasodilators or vasoconstrictors are ____ chemicals

vasoactive

The capillary typically reabsorbs only about _____ of the fluid that has passed into the interstitial fluid.

75% to 85%

the specific amount of blood entering the capillaries per unit time per gram of tissues is called

perfusion

True or False: angiogenesis is another term for the degree of vascularization

false

total blood flow equals ______________ output

cardiac

blood pressure is highest in the

arteries

True or False: the average cardiac output at rest is 5.25 liters per minute and may substantially increase during exercise

true

systolic blood pressure is created when ventricles of the heart______

contract

the denominator (lower number) of blood pressure ratio represents the __________ pressure

diastolic

the additional pressure placed on the arteries from when the heart is resting to when the heart is contracting is ________ pressure

pulse

the change in blood pressure from one end of a blood vessel to its other end is called a

blood pressure gradient

true or false: healthy arteries expand and recoil easily, assisting in the movement of blood through the cardiovascular system.

true

a mean arterial pressure of _________ mm Hg typically indicates good perfusion

70-110

the numerator (upper number) of the blood pressure ratio represents the ___________ pressure

systolic

The relatively high blood pressure on the arteriole end of the capillary accounts for ____________

filtration

true or false: mean arterial pressure can be calculated by taking the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure

false

blood pressure in the venules is _________ mm Hg and almost ___________ mm Hg by time blood travels through the inferior vena cava to the right atrium of the heart

20;0

___________ is clinically significant because it provides a numerical value for how well the body tissues and organs are perfused

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

Veins being squeezed between contracting muscles to help pump blood toward the heart is known as the ______.

skeletal muscle pump

relatively low blood pressure on the venous end allows for _________ as colloid osmotic pressure is responsible for fluid movement.

reabsorption

the friction due to the contact between the blood and the blood vessel wall is

resistance

true or false: veins have no demonstrable pulse pressure

true

select the factors that affect peripheral resistance

blood vessel radius

blood vessel length

blood pressure

total blood flow

blood viscosity

blood vessel radius

blood vessel length

blood viscosity

the thicker the fluid, the more ___________ it is, and the greater its resistance to flow

viscous

which factors would decrease blood viscosity?

increased erythrocytes

anemia

reduced erythrocytes

dehydration

anemia

reduced erythrocytes

increasing vessel length increases resistance, because the ___ the vessel, the greater the friction the fluid experiences as it travels through this vessel

longer

the term __________ resistance is typically used when discussing the resistance of blood in the blood vessels

peripheral

as the blood pressure gradient decrease, total _________ flow lessens

blood

the resistance of a fluid to its flow is called__________

viscosity

which factors would increase blood viscosity

dehydration

overhydration

anemia

increased erythrocytes

dehydration

increase erythrocytes

___________ vessel length______________ resistance

increasing; increasing

an increase in cardiac output, resistance, or blood volume________ blood pressure

increases

when you arise from a sitting to a standing position, _________ is altered to maintain blood pressure

cardiac output

as the blood pressure gradient ___________, total blood flow is___________

increases; greater

two distinct groups of autonomic nuclei participate in the regulation of blood pressure; specifically the ___ center and the ___ center

cardiac and vasomotor

the vasomotor enter has ____________ axons that extend from it to the blood vessels

sympathetic