AP Psychology Unit 10-Personality

Personality

is an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Freud’s iceberg analogy

The idea that there are 3 parts of your personality, the ID, ego, and superego. The Ego is what you see and the superego and ID are under the iceberg.

Id

Unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive needs and drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

Ego

functions as the “executive” or controller and mediates the demands of the id and superego.

superego

is the moral part of personality. Causes us to feel guilt for being bad and pride for doing the right things. Punishment and rewards. Contains the conscious.

Psychosexual Stages

Freud claimed that your personality developed during the first few years of life divided into this. The core of one’s personality appears within the first 5 to 6 years of life.

oral

stage one of psychosexual development. 0-18 months. Pleasure centers on the mouth: sucking, biting, chewing.

anal

Second stage of psychosexual development. 18-36 months old. Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination. Coping with demands for control.

Phallic

Third stage of psychosexual development. 3-6 years. Pleasure zone in the genitals; coping with sexual feelings.

Latency

fourth stage of psychosexual development. 6-puberty. dormant sexual feelings

Genital

Fifth stage of psychosexual development. puberty one. Maturation of sexual interests.

Oedipus complex/Electra complex

A boy’s sexual desire for his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father/ a girls desire for her father.

Repression

banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.

Regression

leads an individual faced with anxiety to retreat to a less mature pattern of behavior. Ex. throwing a temper tantrum or crying loudly.

Reaction Formation

involves replacing an unacceptable feeling or urge with an opposite one. Ex. divorced mother may resent having her son for the weekend. They know it is wrong to feel that way so they shower the child with gifts.

Projection

involves talking our own unacceptable qualities r feelings and ascribing them to other people. For example, if you have a strong dislike for someone, you might instead believe that he or she does not like you. Ex. a stubborn co-worker who accuses his peer of being uncooperative.

rationalization

involves explaining an unacceptable behavior or feeling in a rational or logical manner, avoiding the true reasons for the behavior. For example, a person who is turned down for a date might rationalize the situation by saying they were not attracted to the other person anyway, or a student might blame a poor exam score on the instructor rather than his or her lack of preparation.

Displacement

involves taking out our frustrations, feelings, and impulses on people or objects that are less threatening. Displaced aggression is a common example of this defense mechanism. Ex. if you are angry at your boss, you may take it out on your wife because she is less threatening.

Denial

is an outright refusal to admit or recognize that something has occurred or is currently occurring. Drug addicts or alcoholics often deny that they have a problem.

Sublimation

is a way in which people can deal with socially unacceptable impulses, feelings, and ideas in social acceptable ways.

Defense Mechanism

the Ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

Carl Jung

created the idea of collective unconcious and belived in a part of the unconscious minf incorporting patterns of memories instict and experiences common to all mankind.

Collective Unconscious

the idea that there is a part of the unconscious mind incorporating patterns of memories, insticts, and experiences common to all mankind. These patterns are inherited, may be arranged into archetypes, and are observable through their effects on dreams and behavior.

self

an archetype that represents the unification of the unconsciousness and consciousness of an individual.

Shadow

Exists as part of the unconscious mind and is composed of represented ideas, weaknesses, desires, instincts and shortcomings.

Anima/animus

is the feminine image in the male psyche/the male image in the female psyche. it represents the true self rather than the image we present each other.

persona

represents all of the different social masks that we wear among different groups and situations.

Inferiority complex

involves a child noticing his or her shortcomings in comparison with adults, he or she feels inferior. This motivates the child to strive for great things. Also, it means that a person will try to compensate for their shortcomings by achieving something extraordinary in another area of their lives.

TAT-Thematic apperception test

developed by henry murray. A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

Rorschach inkblot test

the most widely used projective tests. Uses a set of 10 inkblots and was designed by Herman Rorschach. It seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

Criticisms of projective tests

They argue that projective tests lack both reliability(constancy of results) and validity (predicting what it is supposed to). When evaluating the same patient, even trained therapists come up with different interpretations. Projective tests may misdiagnose a normal individual as a pathological.

Gordon Allport

In 1936, he found that one English-language dictionary alone contained more than 4,000 words for describing different personality traits. So, he created the trait perspective.

The trait perspective

Created by Gordon Allport and has three types of traits, Cardinal traits (which is the point that the person becomes known specifically for these traits) the central traits, (are the major characteristics you might use to describe another person) and Secondary traits (related to attitudes or preferences and often appear only in certain situations or under specific circumstances. Some examples would be getting anxious when speaking to a group or impatient while waiting in line.

Factor Analysis

A statistical approach used to describe and relate personality traits

Nomothetic approach

Hans and Sybil Aysenda suggested that personality could be reduced down to two polar dimensions, extroversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability. Obtain objective knowledge through scientific methods.

Narcissistic personality disorder

personality disorder in which someone is fascinated with onesself. Gratification derived from the admiration of one’s own physical or mental abilities.

Cocktail personality

involves a person sensing other people’s vulnerabilities and reads their personality. They preform accordingly and appeal to someone’s physical nature. The manipulation of others. They feel like they can control others with their mind and actions. A person reads others personality. They preform according to someone’s physical nature.

Paranoid personality disorder

is a mental health condition in which a person has a long-term pattern of distrust and suspicion of others, but does not have a full blown psychotic disorder such as schizophrenia.

Schizoid personality disorder

A classification used for people who are withdrawn and are not bothered by their lack of social relationships (and they do lack social relationship). Its common for those people to have inappropriate or flat emotional responses which makes them seem cold and/or withdrawn.

Borderline Personality Disorder

is a serious mental illness characterized by instability in moods, interpersonal relationships, self-image, and behavior. Disrupts family and work life, long-term planning, and the individual’s sense of self-identity. It is involved with intense bouts of anxiety, depression, and irritability, lasting from a few hours to several days.

Dependent personality disorder

is a pattern of thinking that is heavily reliant on another person or persons that is exhibited by submissive and clingy behavior.

Histronic personality disorder

involves long-lasting, chronic patterns of attention-seeking behaviors and extreme emotionality. Individuals typically want to be the center of attention in social settings and are unconformable when they are not.

Personality inventory

Any of several tests that attempt to characterize the personality of an individual by objective scoring of replies to a large number of questions concerning his or her behavior.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

One of the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.

Conscientiousness

One of the big five personality traits. Controlled by or done according to one’s inner sense of what is right. Low score: impulsive, careless, disorganized. High score: hardworking, dependable, organized.

Agreeableness

One of the big five personality traits. Those low in agreeableness are described as suspicious, uncooperative, and ruthless while those high in agreeableness are viewed as kind-hearted, helpful warm, and trusting. Low Score: critical, uncooperative, suspicious. High score: helpful, trusting, empathetic.

Neuroticism

One of the big five personality traits. Is a long term tendency to be in a negative emotional state. People with it tend to have more depressed moods, they suffer from feelings of guilt, envy, anger, and anxiety. Low score: clam, even-tempered, suspicious. High score: helpful, trusting, empathetic.

Openness

One of the big five personality traits. willing to try new things. Explore your environment. Low score: practical, conventional, prefers routine. High score: curious, wide range of interests, independent.

Extroversion

One of the big five personality traits. Refers to a personality type that is outgoing, highly social, energetic, and talkative. There are people who need external stimulation and are unhappy in solitary situations and pursuits. Low score: quiet, reserved, withdrawn. High score: outgoing, warm, seeks adventure.

Social-cognitive perspective

study the interaction of people and their situations. They emphasize our sense of personal control whether we control the environment or the environment controls us.

Reciprocal determinism

a model composed of three factors that influence behavior: the environment, the individual, and the behavior itself. Essentially, Bandura believes that an individual’s behavior influences and is influenced by both the social world and personal characteristics.

Avoidant personality disorder

patterns of withdraw behaviors and increased sensitivity to criticism. Sufferers avoid these negative feelings and fears of rejection. They have a heightened sensitivity to others opinions and criticisms. They may avoid such interactions and relationships as a result.

Gaslighting

a specific type of manipulation where the manipulator is trying to get someone else (or a group of people) to question their own reality, memory, or perceptions.

Personal control

is defined as whether an organism feels it controls the environment or the environment controls them.

Internal Locus of Control

refers to the perception that we can control out own fate. Created by Julian Rotter.

External Locus of Control

refers to the perception that chance or outside forced beyond our personal control determine our fate.

Learned Helplessness

the hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceived no control over repeated bad events.

Spotlight Effect

refers to our tendency to think that other people are watching us more closely than they actually are.

Self-serving bias

perceiving yourself and your decisions favorably and taking responsibility for the positives in your life, while disregarding the negatives

Unconditioned positive regard

involves accepting other even if they treat you poorly. When one person is completely accepting toward another person.

Self-efficacy

is a person’s belief in his or her ability to succeed in a particular situation. Bandura describes these beliefs as determinant of how people think, behave and feel.

Barum effect

is the tendency to accept favorable descriptions of one’s personality that could really be applied to almost everyone.

Benefits of self-esteem

Maslow and Rogers argued that a successful life results from a healthy self image. When self-esteem refleacts reality, we view ourselves and other critically. Low self-esteem reflects reality, out failure in meeting challenges or surmounting difficulties.

Psychodynamic view of personality

explains personality in terms of unconscious psychological processes (for example, wishes and fears of which we're not fully aware), and contends that childhood experiences are crucial in shaping adult personality.

Unconscious mind

 processes in the mind that occur automatically and are not available to introspection. Although these processes exist beneath the surface of conscious awareness, they are thought to exert an effect on conscious thought processes and behavior.

personal unconscious

consists of everything subliminal, forgotten, and repressed in an individual's life. Some of these contents may be recalled to consciousness, as in Sigmund Freud 's notion of the preconscious, but others cannot and are truly unconscious.

free association

a tool used in psychoanalysis — aims to deepen your self-understanding by looking at whatever thoughts, words, or images come freely to your mind.

Manifest vs. latent content of dreams

The manifest content is the actual literal subject matter of the dream while the latent content is the underlying meaning of these symbols. To Freud and other psychoanalysts, the latent content of a dream mattered much more than the literal, manifest content.

psychoanalysis

a system of psychological theory and therapy that aims to treat mental conditions by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind and bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind by techniques such as dream interpretation and free association.

Nancy Chodrow

that gender differences in behavior grow out of the Oedipal complex. Like Freud, she argues that children are born bisexual and that a mother is a child's first sexual object. Unlike Freud, however, she emphasizes that a child's ego is formed as a reaction to the mother's dominating presence.

Neo-Fruedian

were psychologists whose work followed from Freud's. They generally agreed with Freud that childhood experiences matter, but they decreased the emphasis on sex as a source of energy and conflict while focusing more on the social environment and effects of culture on personality.

Alfred Adler

was a physician, psychotherapist, and the founder of Adlerian psychology, sometimes called Individual Psychology. He is considered the first community psychologist, because his work pioneered attention to community life, prevention, and population health.

Karen Horney

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She believed that neurosis resulted from basic anxiety caused by interpersonal relationships. Her theory proposed that strategies used to cope with anxiety can be overused, causing them to take on the appearance of needs

Womb Envy

 She introduced the concept of womb envy, suggesting that male envy of pregnancy, nursing, and motherhood—of women's primary role in creating and sustaining life—led men to claim their superiority in other fields.

Projective tests

1. a psychological test in which words, images, or situations are presented to a person and the responses analyzed for the unconscious expression of elements of personality that they reveal.

Abrahman Maslow

 His theory suggested that people have a number of basic needs that must be met before people move up the hierarchy to pursue more social, emotional, and self-actualizing needs

Carl Rodgers

all humans exist in a world which is loaded with experiences. Their life experiences create their reactions involving external people and objects. Also, internal emotions and thoughts. This is referred to as their phenomenal field.

self-actualization

1. the realization or fulfillment of one's talents and potentialities, especially considered as a drive or need present in everyone.

ideal vs real self

The ideal self is the person that you would like to be; the real self is the person you actually are. Rogers focused on the idea that we need to achieve consistency between these two selves.

Cattell 16 pf

identified 16 factors or dimensions of personality: warmth, reasoning, emotional stability, dominance, liveliness, rule-consciousness, social boldness, sensitivity, vigilance, abstractedness, privateness, apprehension, openness to change, self-reliance, perfectionism, and tension. The CANOE theory

Factor theory

two-factor theory proposes that intelligence has two components: general intelligence ("g") and specific ability ("s"). To explain the differences in performance on different tasks, Spearman hypothesized that the "s" component was specific to a certain aspect of intelligence.

Robert McCrae

believes that personality is a biological trait, first and foremost. Through his research he found that around the age of 30, neuroticism and extraversion begin to decline, while agreeableness and conscientiousness increase with age.

Paul Costa

 over 300 academic articles, several books, he is perhaps best known for the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, or NEO PI-R, a psychological personality inventory; a 240-item measure of the Five Factor Model: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience.

Myers-Briggs personality inventory

is an introspective self-report questionnaire indicating differing psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions. Despite its popularity, it has been widely regarded as pseudoscience by the scientific community.

Albert Bandura

social learning theory provides a helpful framework for understanding how an individual learns via observation and modeling (Horsburgh & Ippolito, 2018). Cognitive processes are central, as learners must make sense of and internalize what they see to reproduce the behavior.

Optimism

is an attitude reflecting a belief or hope that the outcome of some specific endeavor, or outcomes in general, will be positive, favorable, and desirable.

Pessimism

a tendency to see the worst aspect of things or believe that the worst will happen; a lack of hope or confidence in the future.

the self

 is the study of either the cognitive, conative or affective representation of one's identity, or the subject of experience

self-reference effect

 is a tendency for people to encode information differently depending on whether they are implicated in the information. When people are asked to remember information when it is related in some way to themselves, the recall rate can be improved.

defensive self-esteem

 describes individuals whose self-esteem is affected by external factors and evaluations from other people and it influences their self-esteem levels. There is a great concern with the maintenance of high self-esteem levels.

secure self-esteem

 describes individuals whose self-esteem is less affected by external factors and evaluations than individuals with defensive self-esteem. A person with secure self-esteem doesn't need the approval or feedback of others.

George Kelly

was an American cognitive psychologist, educator, and theorist. He is best known for developing personal construct theory, an approach to personality that focuses on the unique ways in which people make sense of their world. This theory is still used in clinical psychology today

personal construct theory

 suggests that people develop personal constructs about how the world works. People then use these constructs to make sense of their observations and experiences. The world we live in is the same for all of us, but the way we experience it is different for each individual.

William Sheldon

made major contributions to classification and refining the relationships between th physique and personality of humans, advancing a formula of a somatype of each individual. Each person, he held, is primarily an endomorph, a mesomorph or an ectomorph, although each has variations of all three components

Somatotype Therapy

the discredited idea that human body shape and physique type are associated with personality traits, forming the basis of constitutional psychology.  it was not a theory at all but a general assumption of continuity between structure and behavior and a set of descriptive concepts to measure physique and behavior in a scaled manner.