Psych Semester Exam

What is psychology?

The scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behavior in a specific context.

What does it mean for psychology to be considered a science?

Applying empirical methods to understand and explain psychological phenomena.

What are the different types of psychologists?

Clinical, Counseling, School, Industrial-Organizational, Research, etc.

What is the difference between psychology, psychiatry, and social work?

Psychology involves studying the mind and behavior using scientific methods; Psychiatry is a branch of medicine focused on diagnosing and treating mental disorders, often with medication; Social work aims to improve social functioning and well-being through various interventions.

What makes up the brain and nervous system?

The central control system consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

What is neurotransmission?

The process by which neurons communicate with each other through electrical and chemical signals.

What are the main parts of the brain and their functions?

Frontal Lobe (executive functions), Parietal Lobe (sensory information), Temporal Lobe (auditory processing, memory), Occipital Lobe (visual processing), Cerebellum (coordination), Brain Stem (basic life functions).

What constitutes a brain injury?

Traumatic events causing physical damage to brain tissue.

How does brain damage affect functions?

Cognitive deficits, motor impairments, sensory loss, emotional dysregulation, etc.

What do data, reliability, and validity refer to in psychology?

Data refers to the information collected, reliability indicates consistency of results, and validity refers to the accuracy of measuring what is intended.

What does analyzing data/graphs involve?

Interpreting numerical or graphical representations to draw conclusions.

What is social learning theory?

Learning through observation, imitation, and modeling.

What is modeling and vicarious conditioning?

Learning by watching others and imitating their behavior; learning by observing the consequences of others' actions.

What was Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment?

A study where children imitated aggressive behavior after watching an adult model.

What is the definition of power and authority?

The capacity to influence or command; accepted system of control or leadership.

What is conditioning in psychology?

Learning through associations and consequences.

What are the differences between classical and operant conditioning?

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov): learning through association. Operant Conditioning (Skinner): learning through consequences.

What are positive and negative reinforcement and punishment?

Positive (adding a stimulus), Negative (removing a stimulus), Reinforcement (increases behavior), Punishment (decreases behavior).

What are innate and learned behaviors?

Instinctual behaviors vs. behaviors acquired through experience.

What do conformity and obedience refer to?

Adjusting behavior or thinking to align with group standards; compliance with commands from authority figures.

What significance does Solomon Asch hold in psychology?

He conducted conformity experiments where participants yielded to group pressure.

What is Milgram known for in psychology?

Conducting obedience experiments involving participants delivering electric shocks to others.

What is memory in psychological terms?

The process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information.

What is the difference between short-term and long-term memory?

Temporary storage vs. long-term retention of information.

Which parts of the brain are involved in memory?

Hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex.

What are sensory and episodic memory?

Sensory: initial recording of sensory info; Episodic: memory of specific events.

What did Loftus & Palmer research?

The malleability of memory and the misinformation effect.

What is sleep?

A periodic, natural loss of consciousness.

What are some common sleep disorders?

Insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, etc.

What are the differences between REM and NREM sleep?

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep vs. Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep stages.

What is psychology?

The scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behavior in a specific context.

What does it mean for psychology to be considered a science?

Applying empirical methods to understand and explain psychological phenomena.

What are the different types of psychologists?

Clinical, Counseling, School, Industrial-Organizational, Research, etc.

What is the difference between psychology, psychiatry, and social work?

Psychology involves studying the mind and behavior using scientific methods; Psychiatry is a branch of medicine focused on diagnosing and treating mental disorders, often with medication; Social work aims to improve social functioning and well-being through various interventions.

What makes up the brain and nervous system?

The central control system consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

What is neurotransmission?

The process by which neurons communicate with each other through electrical and chemical signals.

What are the main parts of the brain and their functions?

Frontal Lobe (executive functions), Parietal Lobe (sensory information), Temporal Lobe (auditory processing, memory), Occipital Lobe (visual processing), Cerebellum (coordination), Brain Stem (basic life functions).

What constitutes a brain injury?

Traumatic events causing physical damage to brain tissue.

How does brain damage affect functions?

Cognitive deficits, motor impairments, sensory loss, emotional dysregulation, etc.

What do data, reliability, and validity refer to in psychology?

Data refers to the information collected, reliability indicates consistency of results, and validity refers to the accuracy of measuring what is intended.

What does analyzing data/graphs involve?

Interpreting numerical or graphical representations to draw conclusions.

What is social learning theory?

Learning through observation, imitation, and modeling.

What is modeling and vicarious conditioning?

Learning by watching others and imitating their behavior; learning by observing the consequences of others' actions.

What was Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment?

A study where children imitated aggressive behavior after watching an adult model.

What is the definition of power and authority?

The capacity to influence or command; accepted system of control or leadership.

What is conditioning in psychology?

Learning through associations and consequences.

What are the differences between classical and operant conditioning?

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov): learning through association. Operant Conditioning (Skinner): learning through consequences.

What are positive and negative reinforcement and punishment?

Positive (adding a stimulus), Negative (removing a stimulus), Reinforcement (increases behavior), Punishment (decreases behavior).

What are innate and learned behaviors?

Instinctual behaviors vs. behaviors acquired through experience.

What do conformity and obedience refer to?

Adjusting behavior or thinking to align with group standards; compliance with commands from authority figures.

What significance does Solomon Asch hold in psychology?

He conducted conformity experiments where participants yielded to group pressure.

What is Milgram known for in psychology?

Conducting obedience experiments involving participants delivering electric shocks to others.

What is memory in psychological terms?

The process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information.

What is the difference between short-term and long-term memory?

Temporary storage vs. long-term retention of information.

Which parts of the brain are involved in memory?

Hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex.

What are sensory and episodic memory?

Sensory: initial recording of sensory info; Episodic: memory of specific events.

What did Loftus & Palmer research?

The malleability of memory and the misinformation effect.

What is sleep?

A periodic, natural loss of consciousness.

What are some common sleep disorders?

Insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, etc.

What are the differences between REM and NREM sleep?

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep vs. Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep stages.

What does a clinical psychologist do?

Assess, diagnose, and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.

What does a counseling psychologist do?

Help people cope with life challenges and transitions.

What does a school psychologist do?

Support students' academic,