World Civ II

The vocab quiz for friday.

Adam Smith:

Scottish theorist/philosopher of the Enlightenment; founding father of economic liberalism and laissez-faire policy

Camillo Cavour:

Prime minister of Sardinia; chief diplomatic architect of Italian unification

Friedrich Engels:

Collaborator with Marx on The Communist Manifesto

Karl Marx:

(1818-1883) Active in radical politics and author of the Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital

Michael Bakunin:

Russian anarchist leader who coined the term "propaganda of the deed" as the best means of fostering anarchism

Muhammad Ali Pasha:

Ottoman viceroy to Egypt after 1805

Osman:

Founder of the Ottoman Empire

Otto von Bismarck:

Prussian, later German, chancellor and chief architect of German unification completed in 1871, he has been hailed as the greatest statesman of the 19th century

Suleiman:

Ottoman Emperor (1520-1566), reign marked height of sultans' authority

Tsar Alexander II:

Russian leader who attempted reforms, most notably the end of serfdom

bourgeoisie:

French term used especially to describe the urban middle class

Dar al-Islam:

Muslim term meaning "community of God." Used by Muslim religious leaders to describe their superiority over Dar al-Harb, or "the unbelievers."

Gendarme of Europe:

Moniker of Russia for its active role in suppressing liberal agitation and revolutionary change across Europe in the early 19th c.

Labour Party:

Reformist, non-Marxist, English political party founded in 1906

Pan-Arabism:

Late 19th century movement designed to tie all Arab countries together through their ethnicity rather than their religion

proletariat:

Marxist terminology for the working-class who own only their own labor

Salafi movement:

A call for Muslims to return to the "days of the pious ancestors," in order for Muslim countries to modernize according to Islamic principles

Second International:

European-wide association of Socialists founded in 1889

Tories:

English Conservative Party

Wahhabism:

Fundamentalist Islamic reform movement begun in late 1700s. declared holy war in order to cleanse Islam of impurities

Whigs:

English Liberal, anti-monarchy party

Young Ottomans:

Group of intellectuals and journalists calling for the replacement of the Ottoman sultanate with a constitutional monarchy and a parliament

sick man of Europe

Term applied to Ottoman Turkish Empire in late 1800s, as various parts of the empire broke away

anarchism:

Political doctrine espousing the total rejection of government

Capital:

Book authored by Karl Marx, in which the Communist Manifesto, the basic ideas and principles of Marxist Communism, are developed and articulated

Communist Manifesto:

Pamphlet by Marx and Engels predicting the evolution of industrial societies from capitalism to communism

Crimean War:

1853-56 war fought between Russia on one side and England, France, and Turkey on the other; first real failure of the Vienna treaties

enclosed field system:

Walling off of land by 18th century landowners to end the use of communal land; led to the migration of many peasants to urban areas

Factory Acts:

Early 1800s legislation designed to curb child labor exploitation in factories

First Industrial Revolution:

Marked by the predominance of Britain, the growing importance of steam power and the production of textiles and iron in factories

Great Reforms:

Alexander II's attempts to change the Russian army, judicial system, politics and the economy

nationalism:

A patriotic fervor frequently given to cultural superiority

Realpolitik:

Politics based on practical considerations alone and not ideology

Reform Act of 1832:

Political reform reducing power of landowning aristos while strengthening urban middle classes

Second Industrial Revolution:

Marked by the application of modern science and technology to the challenges of production, power, marketing and distribution

Spinning jenny:

Machine to spin fiber into thread reducing human labor

Suez Canal:

Canal opening in 1869 that connected the Red Sea with the Mediterranean. Problems with its financing led to the occupation of Egypt by Britain.

Tanzimat Reforms:

Changes initiated by Sultan Selim III in the Ottoman Empire in 1793. The reforms brought more government control and an improved military.

Treaty of Karlowitz:

(1699) Turning point marking beginnings of long slow Ottoman military defeats in southeastern Europe

urban migration:

The movement of rural populations into urban areas in search of waged jobs