12. Social Stratification (9%)

Social Stratification

Social Class

Focuses on social inequalities and studies the basic question of who gets what and why; related to one’s socioeconomic status

Ascribed Status

Social Class

Status derived from clearly identifiable characteristics, such as gender; an aspect of social stratification

Achieved Status

Social Class

Status acquired via individual efforts; an aspect of social stratification

Socioeconomic Gradient (in health and development)

Social Class

The proportional improvement in healthcare as one moves up in socioeconomic status

Prestige

Social Class

Refers to the amount of positive regard society has for a given person or idea.

Power

Social Class

The ability to affect others' behavior through real or perceived rewards and punishments; based on the unequal distribution of valued resources; defines the relationship between individuals, groups, and social institutions

Class Consciousness

Social Class

Refers to the organization of the working class around shared goals and recognition of a need for collective political action; by working together as one unit, the proletariat could revolt and take control of the political and economic system, laying the groundwork for a socialist state

False Consciousness

Social Class

A misperception of one's actual position within society. Proletariats failed to see how bad their conditions were. The one major barrier to class consciousness.

Anomie

Social Class

Refers to a lack of social norms, or the breakdown of social bonds between an individual and society; further accelerates social inequality; these types of conditions include excessive individualism, social inequality, and isolation

Strain Theory

Social Class

Focuses on how anomic conditions (excessive individualism, social inequality, and isolation) can lead to deviance.

Social Capital

Social Class

The investments people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards; the benefits one receives from group association; the greater the investment, the higher the level of social integration; one of the main forms is the social network

Social Integration

Social Class

The movement of new or underrepresented populations into a larger culture while maintaining their ethnic identities

Cultural Capital

Social Class

Benefits that one receives from knowledge, abilities, and skills.

Strong Ties

Social Class

Social connections that are quantitatively small but qualitatively powerful; Refer to peer group and kinship contacts.

Weak Ties

Social Class

Social connections that are personally superficial, such as associates, but that are large in number and provide connection to a wide range of other individuals.

Social Mobility (aka Structural Mobility)

Social Class

The ability of a person to move up or down from one class to another; typically the result of an economic and occupational structure that allows one to acquire higher-level employment opportunities given proper credentials and experience requirements

Intragenerational Mobility

Social Class

Changes in social status that occur within a person's lifetime.

Intergenerational Mobility

Social Class

Changes in social status from one generation to the next.

Meritocracy

Social Class

A social structure in which intellectual talent and achievement, are means for a person to advance up the social ladder.

Plutocracy

Social Class

A social structure describing a rule by the upper classes.

Vertical Mobility

Social Class

Movement from one social class to another; can be either upward or downward

Horizontal Mobility

Social Class

A change in occupation or lifestyle that remains within the same social class.

Social Reproduction

Social Class

The idea that social inequality (especially poverty, but also inherited wealth) can be reproduced and passed on from one generation to the next; some consider this to be a cycle-of-poverty explanation for social inequality

Structural Poverty

Social Class

Based on the concept of "holes" in the structure of a society rather than poverty due to the actions of the individual; argues that the same individuals do not by necessity occupy these “holes” from year to year, but the percentage of a society that falls under the poverty line stays relatively constant due to their existence

Absolute Poverty

Social Class

The type of poverty in which a person so poor that they cannot even afford their own basic needs.

Relative Poverty

Social Class

The type of poverty in which one is poor in comparison to the larger population in which they live.

Social Exclusion

Social Class

Can arise from a sense of powerlessness when poor individuals feel segregated and isolated from society.

Spatial Inequality

Social Class

Focuses on social stratification across territories and their populations.

Suburbanization

Social Class

The migration pattern of middle-class persons to suburbs.

Urban Decay

Social Class

When a previously functional portion of a city deteriorates and becomes decrepit over time.

Urban Renewal

Social Class

When city land is reclaimed and renovated for public or private use. Often fueled by gentrification.

Gentrification

Social Class

When poor areas are reclaimed and renovated for public or private use.

World System Theory

Social Class

Categorizes countries and emphasizes the inequalities of the division of labor at the global level; includes core, peripheral, and semi-peripheral nations

Core Nations

Social Class

Nations within the world system theory that focus on higher skills, and higher paying productions, while exploiting peripheral nations for their lower-skilled productions.

Semi-Peripheral Nations

Social Class

Nations within the world system theory that lie midway between core nations and peripheral nations; they work toward becoming core nations, while having many characteristics of peripheral nations

Peripheral Nations

Social Class

Nations within the world system theory that are less economically developed with weak governments and institutions; exploited by core nations

Incidence

Epidemiology & Disparities

The number of new cases of an illness per population at risk in a given amount of time; does not include individuals who already have this illness

Prevalence

Epidemiology & Disparities

The total number of cases of an illness overall — whether new or chronic — per population in a given amount of time

Morbidity

Epidemiology & Disparities

The burden or degree of illness associated with a given disease.

Mortality

Epidemiology & Disparities

The number of deaths caused by a given disease.

Second Sickness

Epidemiology & Disparities

Exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social injustice.

Medicare

Epidemiology & Disparities

Covers patients over the age of 65, those with end-stage renal disease, and those with ALS

Medicaid

Epidemiology & Disparities

Covers patients who are in significant financial need.