geog paper 2 terms

Bipolar World

Two superpowers exist, each with opposing ideologies.

Capitalism

The belief that individuals may gain wealth and status through business ventures, the hours they work and their skills.

The Cold War

Tensions between the USA and USSR from 1950 to the 1990s due to their conflicting ideologies and competition to become a unipolar superpower.

Colonialism

The act of gaining control, building an empire and exerting influence over other countries.

Communism

The belief that everyone in a population should be equal financially, the property they own and politically.

Democracy

A political system where every member of the population has an equal vote.

Dictatorship

One individual controls a country, rather than an elected government.

Economic Alliances

Trade blocs that promote trade between members, offer each other financial assistance and loans and allow the migration of workers between states.

Emerging States

Countries that have quickly gained influence, developed and have notable culture. Emerging States may become superpowers in the future

Empire

A collection of countries, ruled over or influenced by a single government.

Environmental Alliances

Groups of countries that discuss and pledge to reduce greenhouse emissions and protect the natural environment.

Frank's Dependency Model

Describes neo-colonialism and how a country can gain control over a neo-colony through exploitation and economic dependency.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

The investment of money, infrastructure or assets by a foreign government or business.

Hard Power

Exerting a country's influence over another through the use of economic or military intervention

Human Resources

The available workforce and skills of the population, which can contribute to a country's status.

Ideology

Beliefs and values that are shared within a population.

Imperial Era

The period of 18th and 19th Century, when European states created empires, using hard power to rule over America, Africa and Asia.

Intellectual Property

The ownership of ideas and designs, such as patents and copyrights.

Military Alliance

A group of states that share weapons & intelligence, offer military assistance and discuss international affairs such as terror attacks, national security, etc.

Multi-Polar World

There are several superpowers, each with a characteristic strength, competing for global influence and status.

Physical Resources

The natural assets such as fossil fuels, minerals or crops, that can be sold for profit or political gain.

Sanctions

Restrictions put into place against a country who breaks international law or agreements.

Soft Power

Exerting a country's influence over another through cultural diffusion, political reform and FDI.

Spheres of Contest

Areas of competition for superpowers and emerging states, e.g. land ownership, intellectual property, state borders.

Unipolar World

There is one superpower who dominates economically and politically.

Authoritarian

The forced governance of a country, through limited freedom of speech and rights of citizens.

British Human Rights Report

A report identifying Human Rights Priority Countries, where rights are denied or restricted as viewed by the British government.

Composite Index

Where multiple factors are combined to assess how developed a country is e.g. Happy Planet Index, Human Development Index.

Democratic State

Country based on ideology that everyone vote/opinion is equal.

Deprivation

Where people lack the essentials for survival, such as water, food, shelter or employment.

Deregulation

The removal of government rules or closed markets, often as a condition of aid from a developed country.

Development

The standard of living, knowledge and technology or sustainability of a country.

Direct Military Intervention

The use of military 'force' - soldiers, weapons, conflict - to create change.

Ethnic Minority

A group of small size (in comparison to a country's population) that may have different place of origin, culture or lived experience.

Failed State

A government that has lost control of its population or cannot function effectively.

Human Rights

Fundamental necessities or conditions that everyone should be entitled to.

Indirect Military Intervention

The use of military personnel to help development, reconstruction or training.

Millenium Development Goals (MDGs)

The UN created 7 goals to try to improve global development. Ran from 2000 to 2015.

Sharia Law

The Islamic laws and customs to be followed by its followers. Some countries make an interpretation of Sharia Law as its laws.

Simple Index

One factor is measured to describe development e.g. life expectancy, birth rates, literacy rates.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

The UN created 17 goals - based on the MDGs initial progress - to improve global development. Will run from 2015 to 2030.

Tied Aid

Aid given to a country under certain conditions. For example, aid manufactured by the donor or aid only available if the receiving country changes its government, policies or trade.

Trade Embargo

Restricting or banning any trade, movement of people or cooperation with a particular country e.g. US's embargo on Cuba

Totalitarian

A dictator or political party that gains power by being favourable to the population and having a strong sense of ideology. They control all aspects of the nation, including personal life and freedoms.

Welfare State

Government aims to provide for the disadvantaged or vulnerable people in the community, through financial support, training or housing.

Happy Planet Index

a measure of the ecological efficiency of delivering human

well-being. It reflects the average years of happy life produced by a

given society, nation or group of nations, per unit of planetary resources

consumed.

Human Development Index

a summary composite measure of a country's average

achievements in three basic aspects of human development: health, knowledge and standard of living.

Life Expectancy

a statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live, based on the year of its birth, current age, and other demographic factors like sex.

UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is

a specialised agency of the United Nations aimed at promoting world

peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture

Number of Doctors per 100,000

It is the average number of doctors per 100,000 of the population of

a country.

Deprivation

The degree to which an individual or an area is deprived of services and amenities.

Spatial Variations

A difference or variation (in terms of population, population density,

gross domestic product (GDP), life expectancy) over an area of the

earth's surface.

Social Progress

Social progress is the idea that societies can improve over time in

economic, human and environmental terms.

Intergovernmental Organisations

They are regional or global organisations of which countries are

members; they manage aspects of the economy, global development and

specific issues such as health or environmental issues.

International monetary fund (IMF)

Aims to maintain a stable international financial system, and this

promotes free trade and globalisation. The IMF provides loans to

countries facing short-term balance of payment difficulties.

Bretton Wood Institutions

They are the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

They were set up at a meeting of 43 countries in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA in July 1944. Their aims were to help rebuild the

shattered postwar economy and to promote international economic

cooperation.

Development Gap

It is the difference in standard of living between the world's richest

and the poorest countries.

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

They were 15-year targets set by the United Nations (UN) in the year

2000. The targets aimed to improve levels of development in poor2er

countries, including India. The eight goals aimed to: eradicate extreme

hunger and poverty. achieve universal primary education.

Literacy Rate

The proportion of the adult population aged 15 years and over which is

literate, expressed as a percentage of the corresponding population,

total or for a given sex, in a given country, territory, or geographic area, at a specific point in time, usually mid-year.

Quality of physical infrastructure

It refers to the physical availability and quality of public facilities,

including the number of facilities, facility amenities and resources, the distribution of facilities, and the appropriate mix of facility types to

meet population health needs.

China's Open Door Policy

1978 - China allows foreign industry and TNCs in to promote a modern and thriving China.

Containerisation

A logistical system of transporting goods in steel containers (each carrying 25000kg of goods).

Cultural Diffusion

The spread of cultural beliefs and social activities into different cultures

Cultural Erosion

The reduction of a culture due to globalisation.

Cumulative Causation

Like a multiplier effect, "Success breeds Success". As the core regions increase in prosperity the periphery regions will too due to their links with the core.

Deindustrialisation

A reduction in industrial capacity, leading to social and economic change within a region

Diaspora

'To scatter about' - People displaced from their homeland, voluntarily or forced.

Downward Transition Zones

A country or city with predicted economic decline, industrial reduction or switched off from globalisation (e.g. Scotland, Turkey, Brazil)

Economic Migration

Movement of migrants to improve financial income or standard of living.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

An investment by one country or business with an interest in another country.

Global Hubs

Cores that demonstrate connections to the world (through trade, ideas, migration, etc). TNCs and foreign direct investors will show an interest to base here.

Globalisation

The growing interdependence of countries through cross-border transactions (capital, technology, migration, knowledge, culture, etc).

Glocalisation

The adaptation of a good offered by a TNC to suit a local market.

Hyper-Globaliser

Someone who believes that globalisation and cultural diffusion is a positive process, which will lead to the formation of a homogeneous culture (one 'super' global culture).

International Bank for Reconstruction & Development (IBRD) and World Bank Group (WBG)

Both offer loans and temporary financial assistance to developing countries.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

A fund of 189 member countries with the aim to aid each other to achieve financial stability and provide loans for development.

KOF

Index of Globalisation which takes into account the social, economic and political globalisation of a state.

Liberalisation

A reduction in government control within industry, creating opportunity for greater participation from private businesses and TNCs within an industry.

Offshoring

Company moves parts of its operations to another country, often to save money.

Outsourcing

A business contracts outside businesses to complete some of their work, with the aim to reduce costs.

Potential Areas of Growth

Regions where future economic development are predicted due to their undeveloped resources (e.g. Canada, Qatar).

Privatisation

When national public services become owned by private businesses.

Sovereignty

Control over a country's own laws and regulations.

Special Economic Zones (SEZ)

Regions where the government offer incentives to attract industry.

Transnational Company (TNC)

A company which operates in different countries to where they are originally based.

Trade Bloc

A group of countries that act together to promote trade and a free movement of goods/services between member states.

Transformationalist

This is the belief that globalisation won't lead to the formation of a homogeneous culture. Instead, the flow of culture is two-way.

Upward Transition Zones

A country or city with predicted industrial and economic increase (e.g. Mexico, Iceland, "The Asian Tigers").

World Trade Organisation (WTO)

Members seek substantial reductions on tariffs and trade barriers and the elimination of preferences on a mutually advantageous basis

Area based incentives

are policy initiatives aimed at tightly defined geographical areas, and provide a package of support aimed at improving economic, social or environmental outcomes within the zone.

Attachment to place

is the emotional bond between person and place, and is a main concept in environmental psychology

Baseline data

is a measurement that is collected prior to intervention or teaching starting. It can be collected through various measures including: percent accuracy, frequency, duration, rate and intervals.

Benefit-cost ratio

is a ratio used in a cost-benefit analysis to summarise the overall relationship between the relative costs and benefits of a proposed project.

Catalyst

a substance that enables a chemical reaction to proceed at a usually faster rate or under different conditions (as at a lower temperature) than otherwise possible

Characteristics

the study of the natural features of the earth's surface, including topography, climate, soil, vegetation, etc., and man's response to them

Cold spots

an area where house prices are stable and properties are slow to sell.

community groups

groups in a community, like children's sports teams, arts organizations, or book groups

Commuter villages

place where people live and travel elsewhere for work.

Concept mapping

Concept maps are a way to help students make sense of complexity and marshal their ideas.

Conflict matrix

a conflict matrix is when different activities along the coastline or in a particular area can come into conflict with each other and cause problems