AP English Language & Composition Primary Terms

Diction

The choice of words and their arrangement in speech or writing to convey meaning, tone, or style.

Detail

Specific pieces of information or facts included by the author to support an idea, reveal character, or create a vivid picture.

Syntax

The arrangement of words and phrases in a sentence; governs sentence structure and how it contributes to meaning and effect.

Pacing

The speed or rhythm at which a narrative unfolds, influenced by sentence length, detail, and scene construction.

Tone

The author’s attitude toward the subject or audience, conveyed through word choice, sentence structure, and stylistic elements.

Shift

A change in tone, point of view, subject, or other literary element that signals a significant transition in the text.

Imagery

Descriptive language that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, taste, touch) to create vivid mental pictures.

Connotation

The implied or associated meaning of a word beyond its dictionary definition, often shaped by cultural or emotional factors.

Figurative Language

Non-literal language used to create meaning or effect, including metaphors, similes, personification, hyperbole, etc.

Denotation

The literal, dictionary definition of a word, without any additional emotions or associations.

Point of View

The perspective from which a story is narrated, such as first person, second person, or third person (omniscient or limited).

Theme

The central idea or message of a work, often reflecting on human nature, society, or universal truths.