psy223 topics to study

WIC Program

Supplemental food and health care referrals for Women, Infants, and Children, associated with better birth outcomes and cognitive development.

Piaget’s Preoperational Stage

Developmental stage from ages 2-7 where children use symbolic representations and engage in pretend play.

Egocentrism

Belief that others see the world exactly as one does, characteristic of young children.

Part of Piaget’s preoperational stage

Animism

Attributing human qualities or feelings to inanimate objects.

Part of Piaget’s preoperational stage

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Range of tasks that a child can perform with help but not yet independently.

Part of Vygotsky’s cognitive theory

Scaffolding

Support provided to a child that allows them to accomplish tasks they cannot do independently.

Part of Vygotsky’s cognitive theory

Centration

Focusing on one aspect of a situation while neglecting others.

Part of Piaget’s preoperational stage

Executive Attention

Overall organization of oneself in relation to tasks and responsibilities.

Part of information-processing

Sustained Attention

The ability to focus attention on a single task for an extended period.

Part of information processing

Long-term Memory

The ability to store and recall information over a prolonged period.

Part of information processing

Metacognition

Knowledge about one's own cognitions and cognitive processes.

Part of information processing

Overgeneralization

Applying grammatical rules too broadly, such as adding '-s' to all nouns to form plurals.

Part of morphology (knowledge that diff sounds can change the meaning of the word)

Autobiographical Memory

Memory of personal experiences and events from one's life.

Part of information processing

Kohlberg’s Preconventional Level

Moral reasoning based on punishment and obedience or mutual benefit.

Gardner’s Eight Frames of Mind

Multiple intelligences theory suggesting different ways of processing information.

Critical Thinking

Reflectively evaluating information to reach conclusions.

Part of information processing

Creative Thinking

Ability to use new strategies to solve problems.

Part of information processing

Dyslexia

A learning disorder characterized by difficulty reading and spelling.

Social Cognitive Theory of Gender

Theory that emphasizes learning gender roles through observation and reinforcement.

Emotional Security Theory

Children's evaluation of conflict based on parental interactions.

• negative conflict: when parents are fighting and being nasty to each other

  • unhealthy for child to witness

• positive conflict: parents can calmly discuss it, constructively working through the problem

  • healthy for child to witness

Sociometric Status

A measure of a child's social standing within a peer group.

Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development

The theory that emphasizes social interaction and culture's role in cognitive development.

Attachment Theory

A psychological model that describes the dynamics of long-term interpersonal relationships.

Theory of Mind

The ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others, understanding that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions.

Self-regulation

The ability to manage one's emotions, thoughts, and behaviors effectively.

Concrete Operational Stage

Piaget’s developmental stage from ages 7-11, characterized by logical reasoning about concrete events.

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

Chomsky's theory that suggests the innate capability to acquire language.

Differentiated Instruction

Tailoring teaching environments and practices to create appropriate learning experiences for diverse learners.

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

The theory proposing eight distinct types of intelligence including linguistic, logical-mathematical, and spatial.

Metalinguistic Awareness

Understanding of the properties and functions of language, crucial for reading and writing.

Constructivist Learning Theory

The theory that learners build knowledge through experiences and reflection, emphasizing active participation.

Peer Mediation

A process where trained peers assist others in resolving conflicts and disputes.

Resilience

The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties and adapt to challenging circumstances.

Cognitive Load Theory

The theory that focuses on the amount of information a working memory can hold at once for effective learning.

Vicarious Learning

Learning that occurs by observing the actions of others and the outcomes of those actions.

Digital Literacy

The ability to effectively use digital technologies and internet resources to communicate, find, and utilize information.

Socio-emotional Learning (SEL)

The process through which children and adults acquire skills for managing emotions, establishing positive relationships, and making responsible decisions.

Critical Pedagogy

An educational approach that attempts to help students achieve critical consciousness by teaching them to question and challenge domination.

Intrapersonal Intelligence

The ability to understand oneself, including one's own feelings, motivations, and desires.

Emotional Intelligence

The ability to recognize, understand, and manage one's own emotions and the emotions of others.

Culturally Responsive Teaching

An educational approach that seeks to be aware of and incorporate diverse cultural perspectives and experiences.

Active Learning

A teaching method that engages students in the learning process through activities and discussion.

Motivational Theory of Learning

Theory suggesting that motivation influences the learning process and achievement outcomes.

Scaffolding in Education

Providing temporary support to students to help them achieve higher levels of understanding and skill.

Peer Learning

Learning that occurs when students interact with one another in the learning process.

Constructivist Teaching Practices

Teaching methods that encourage students to construct their own understanding and knowledge through experiences.

Social Constructivism

An educational theory that emphasizes the role of social interactions and culture in constructing knowledge.