Chapter 11: Solutions

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts from Chapter 11 regarding solutions, their properties, and behaviors.

Solubility

The maximum amount of a solute that can dissolve in a specific amount of solvent at a given temperature and pressure.

Enthalpy of Solution ( \Delta H_{soln} )

The total energy change associated with the formation of a solution, calculated as the sum of enthalpies for separating solute particles, separating solvent particles, and mixing: \Delta H{soln} = \Delta H{1} + \Delta H{2} + \Delta H{3} .

Molarity ( M )

A concentration unit expressing the number of moles of solute per liter of solution: M = \frac{n{solute}}{V{solution} (L)} .

Molality ( m )

A concentration unit expressing the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent: m = \frac{n{solute}}{m{solvent} (kg)} .

Mole Fraction ( \chi )

The ratio of the number of moles of one component to the total number of moles of all components in the mixture: \chi{A} = \frac{n{A}}{n_{total}} .

Henry's Law

States that the solubility of a gas ( C ) in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure ( P ) of that gas above the liquid: C = k \cdot P .

Boiling Point Elevation ( \Delta T_{b} )

A colligative property where the boiling point of a solution is higher than that of the pure solvent: \Delta T{b} = i \cdot K{b} \cdot m .

Freezing Point Depression ( \Delta T_{f} )

A colligative property where the freezing point of a solution is lower than that of the pure solvent: \Delta T{f} = i \cdot K{f} \cdot m .

Osmotic Pressure ( \Pi )

The pressure required to stop the net movement of solvent through a semipermeable membrane: \Pi = i \cdot M \cdot R \cdot T .

Saturated Solution

A solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute possible at a specific temperature; it exists in dynamic equilibrium with undissolved solute.