Illicit Drug Use, Sexual Offending, Property Crime, White Collar Crime, Positive deviance and time-deepening Review

Vocabulary flashcards for review.

Drug

Any chemical substance that can affect the structure or function of a living body, often used as medicine or taken for its pleasurable effects.

Drug Effect

Physiological or psychological effects resulting from drug use.

Illegal Drugs

Any substance that is used recreationally for its effects on motor, sensory, or cognitive activities/ functioning. Often derived from manufactured synthetics and natural plants.

Decriminalization

Removal of state control over a substance.

Substance Abuse

Maladaptive use of drugs, resulting in impairment in functioning or distress.

Substance Dependence

Physiological need for substance, often indicated by withdrawal symptoms and tolerance.

Substance-Induced Disorders

Delirium or psychosis resulting from substance use, characterized by a break from reality.

Behavioral Dependence

Chronic drug use driven by peers and partying, where the individual feels unable to function without it.

Physical Dependence

Physiological need for a substance where discontinuation causes withdrawal symptoms.

Drug Culture

Activities and way of life of people who habitually use drugs of abuse.

Addiction

State of dependency on a chemical substance, characterized by a strong physiological need and a compulsive inability to resist taking the drug despite probable adverse effects.

Depressants

A category of drugs including alcohol and benzodiazepines.

Stimulants

A category of drugs including cocaine and methamphetamine.

Opioids

A category of narcotics including heroin, codeine, and oxycodone.

Hallucinogens

A category of drugs including LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline.

Withdrawal

Symptoms that follow an interruption in drug use, causing physical and emotional distress.

Substance Withdrawal Delirium

Change in cognition and disturbance of consciousness due to substance withdrawal.

Sex Offense

A sex act that is prohibited by law.

Rape

Forced sexual penetration against the will and without the consent of the individual being assaulted.

Date Rape

Rape committed by a partner or acquaintance, often involving drugs, physical coercion, or inebriation.

Sexual Assault

A wide range of victimization including sodomy, use of objects, fondling, and incest.

Incest

Intercourse between persons who are related to each other within the degree where marriage is prohibited by law.

Bestiality

Sexual excitement or gratification obtained through anal or genital intercourse or other sexual contact with an animal.

Zoophilia

Erotic attraction to animals.

Paraphilias

Sexual disorder in which unusual or bizarre fantasies or behaviors are necessary for sexual excitement.

Urophilia

A paraphilia where urine is a source of arousal.

Voyeurs

Individuals who derive excitement from watching unsuspecting people who are naked, having sex, showering, etc.

Exhibitinists

Those who derive sexual excitement from exposing their genitals to unsuspecting people.

Frottage

Seeking sexual excitement by rubbing against other people in crowded places.

Necrophilia

Sexual attraction to dead bodies.

Sexual Perversion

Any sexual practice that is regarded by a community or culture as an abnormal means of achieving orgasm or sexual arousal.

Sexual Deviancy

Any sexual behavior that is regarded as significantly different from the standards established by a culture or subculture.

Stalking

Repeated pattern of following or observing a person in an obsessional, intrusive, or harassing manner.

Statutory Rape

Criminal offense of having sexual intercourse with an individual who is not qualified to give lawful consent because they are below the statutory age of consent.

Child Molesters

Individuals who commit child sexual abuse, engaging in any sexual behavior toward a child.

Pedophilia

Sexual acts or fantasies with prepubertal children, where children are preferred for sexual excitement.

Grooming

Attempts to manipulate a child by a potential abuser.

Integrated Theory

Theory linking increased social disorganization and gender inequality to increased sexual offending.

Feminist Theory

Theory noting that most sexual offenders are men, and advocates for resocialization, addressing power, violence, and sexual exploitation.

Conflict Theory

Theory that focuses on the need for power and control, stating powerful people define sexual deviance, and highlighting the role of capitalism and marginalized lifestyles.

Social Learning

Learning of motives, rationalizations, techniques, and behaviors through differential association, identification, reinforcement, and imitation.

Strain

Coping with stress, sexual tension, and negative emotions which can lead to offending.

Routine Activities

Theory focusing on easy targets, control, and manipulation; offenders target weak, vulnerable individuals.

Frustration Aggression

Theory indicating that built-up frustration and blocked needs may increase offending.

Rational Choice

Theory involving costs and benefits of offending, where sexual deviance, sex work are considered based on the likelihood of getting caught.

Control Exchange

Offending within families where powerful members exert control.

Interactionist

Theory focusing on interpersonal relations, learning, socialization, stress, and coping norms in sexual subcultures.

Functionalist

Theory focusing on core values, education, principles, and strong social constraints, emphasizing stable marriages and families to reduce offending.

Property Crime

Illegal taking or damaging of property from homes, businesses, motor vehicles, or individuals.

Larceny

The unlawful taking of personal property with the intent to deprive the rightful owner of it permanently.

Burglary

The entering of a building or residence with the intent to commit a crime.

Robbery

Forcibly taking property from a person, involving direct contact with the victim.

Personal Crimes

Crimes involving specific people or occurring in personal residences.

Institutional Robberies

Robberies occurring in commercial settings, such as banks and convenience stores.

Highway Robbery

Robbery committed on or near a public highway, often targeting travelers.

Mugging

To attack and assault with intent to rob.

Strong Armed Robbery

Using physical force to bully or intimidate, without a weapon.

Armed Robbery

Robbery using weapons, brandishing weapons to intimidate.

Trespass

To unlawfully enter the land of another.

Professional Thieves

Skilled thieves who view stealing as a regular business with careful planning.

Persistent Thieves

Thieves who steal whatever they can, with no specialization and random targets.

Jockeys

Individuals who regularly steal cars.

Joyriders

Individuals, often teenagers, who take cars for excitement without the plan to keep them.

Macro

Explains rates of various forms of crime.

Micro

Precipitants of individual involvement in crime.

Social Integration

Adhering to cultural norms and values.

Anomie

Accepting/ rejecting cultural means and goals.

Social Disorganization

Instability, chaos, unemployment, strain, and group conflict leading to lower morals and increased crime.

Subcultures

Groups that encourage property crime, adopting values opposed to conventional society.

Occasional Thieves

Thieves who steal only when easy opportunities present themselves with low planning.

Feminism

Highlights that most offenders are men, and calls for reconstructing masculinity to reduce crime.

Conflict Theory

Highlights that dominant cultures/groups determine punishments and define behaviors as criminal.

Social Bonding

Attachment, commitment, beliefs, and involvement influence the likelihood of committing property crimes.

Rational Choice

People's decisions to commit property crimes based on cost-benefit calculations.

Neutralization

Rationalizing the decision to commit a property crime, involving denial of responsibility, injury, and victim.

Interactionist

Social interaction, peers, family, values, and socialization influence property crime.

Functionalist

Property crime is a result of lack of values and social integration.

Seduction

Higher the need for adrenaline rush, more likely to commit property crimes.

White Collar Crime

Crimes committed by persons of high status or social elites in the course of their occupations.

Elite Deviance

Variety and scope of white collar crimes affecting corporate heads and the wealthy.

Organized/Business Crime

Crimes committed by firms while conducting business, such as environmental pollution and illegal practices.

Corporate Crime

Crimes to advance interests of the company, such as false advertisement and contract violations.

Occupational Crime

Crime to benefit the offender only using job duties, such as embezzlement and fraud.

Government Crimes

Crimes committed by government employees and public officials, such as illegal campaign contributions and abuse of power.

Organized Crime

A large number of people in a hierarchical structure are engaged in an ongoing pattern of criminal activities, characterized by intimidation, corruption, and violence.

Social Learning

If those around a person are involved in white-collar crime or organized crime, then they are more likely to get involved.

Rational Choice

Make more money committing white-collar/ organized crimes a person will do.

Seduction

White-collar crime is fun, exciting, and requires a rush, adrenaline.

Neutralization

Anonymous persons who are devalued by the offender. Denial of responsibility. Taking orders. Denial of injury ('no victim'). Appeal to higher authorities.

Feminist

White-collar crimes committed mostly by men. Organized crime is mostly men. Female victims of prostitution, sex trafficking, drugs.

Conflict

Powerful people commit most crimes and get away with it. Laws are shaped to protect the wealthy and go after lower-class street crimes.

Interactionist

Social learning, interaction in an organized criminal group. Norms in group such as tattoos, dress, speech, violence, attitudes, rules

Functionalist

Tough laws, prison time. White- collar/organized crime is dysfunctional for victims. Organized crime provides a service and fulfills a public demand, Demand for drugs, organized for drugs, organized crime supplies it, therefore fulfilling a function (need).

Positive Deviance

Not All deviance is bad, harmful, or negative. Some deviant behaviors are altruistic, creative, and productive.

Altruism

Behavior performed for the benefit of others. Need to help or assist others without regard to rewards or returned favors.

Charisma

Special quality of personality that enables an individual to gain the confidence of large numbers of people.

Innovation

Putting existing ideas or things together in new and imaginative ways. Can benefit society at large.

Discovery

Finding something new. Creative individuals.

Supra-conformity

Extreme adherence to societal norms. Ultra conformity to ideals.

Anticonformity

Deliberate, self-conscious refusal to comply with accepted social standards, often accompanied by the expression of ideas, beliefs, or judgments that challenge those standards.