energy balance

what is the equivalent of 1 kcal to kj

4.18 kj

define metabolism

the rate at which body uses kcal

what is the difference between + and - energy balance

• (+) is weight gain

• (-) is weight loss

define TEE

total energy expenditure

what is the TEE equation

TEE = basal needs + activity + thermogenesis

• basal needs = 60-70%

• activity = 10-25%

• thermogenesis = 5-10%

define basal needs

basic life processes

• ex. breathing, respiration etc.

define BEE

• basal energy expenditure

• amount of energy needed to sustain basic life processes (ex. heartbeat, respiration, heat regulation etc)

define BMR

• basal metabolic rate

• the same as BEE

what are the two methods to measure BMR

1. ventilated hood (O2 intake/CO2 output)

2. human calorimeter

   • direct (heat)

   • indirect (O2 uptake/CO2 output)

what is the BMR for men and women

• men: 1.0 kcal/kg/h

• women: 0.9 kcal/kg/h

define RMR

• resting metabolic rate

define REE

• resting energy expenditure

what is the relationship between RMR and BMR

• RMR 10-20% is higher than BMR

define lean body mass (LBM)

• all non-fat components

  • skeleton, body fluids, muscle

• the more lean body mass a person has, the more energy they use/burn

obesity relationship with body fat, LBM, and BMR

• as overall body fat increases, overall LBM also increases, and BMR increases

why does the LBM increase w/ obesity

1. high skeletal muscle to support weight

2. organs hypertrophy (increase size)

3. increase in number fat cells

4. increase vascularization (blood supply)

what is thermogenesis

• increase in person’s metabolic rate that occurs in response to a stimulus

what are the types of thermogenesis

1. stress

2. drugs/meds

3. exposure to cold (shivering)

4. dietary-induced thermogenesis (DIT)

why does metabolic rate rise with food intake

1. digestive process

2. absorptive process

3. increased biosynthesis

wdym by digestive process

• synthesizing digestive enzymes

• hormones for digestive

wdym by absorptive process

active (takes kcal) process

wdym by increased biosynthesis

• increased in pro., fat, non essential AA, glycogen

define EER

• estimated energy requirement

• average dietary kcal intake predicted to maintain a person’s energy balance

what are the two important DRI (2023) updates

1. EER now more inclusive (all adults, not just “healthy” adults)

   • whole population

2. includes important scientific research results from past 20 years

   • > 50 equations to estimate EER

what activities for an inactive individual

• activities of daily living

• 30 min of walking + 90 min light moderate activity (household tasks, vacuuming, raking)

what activities for a low active individual

• activities of daily living

• 60-80 min of walking at 5-7 km/h

what activities for an active individual

• activities of daily living

• 30-50 min of walking at 5-7 km/h

• 45 min of moderate cycling

• 40 min of double tennis

what activities for a very active individual

• activities of daily living

• 45 min of moderate cycling

• 25 min of jogging at 10 km/h

• 40 min of doubles tennis