3 - SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

THE EMERGENCE OF TECHNOLOGY

• It makes difficult and complicated tasks easier

• Developments in this field are not just products of one time thought process

• Brought about by gradual improvements to earlier works from different time periods

KEY HISTORICAL TRANSITIONS

• Paleolithic Period

• Neolithic Period

• Rise of Ancient Civilizations

• Industrial Revolution

• The Anthropocene

THE HUMAN ORIGINS

(6 to 2 MYA)

THE HUMAN ORIGINS

the human revolution refers to the

remarkable and sudden emergence of language, consciousness and culture in our species, Homo sapiens sapiens.

Historians call the early period of human history as the

Stone Age.

First humans emerged from

Africa, and lived simultaneously with other hominid species

THE HUMAN ORIGINS (6 to 2 MYA)

Large complex brains

provided the capacity to make and use tools

PALEOLITHIC AGE

(2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

PALEOLITHIC AGE (2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

• old stone age

• began about 2.5 million years ago and lasted until around 8000 B.C.

Surviving the Paleolithic Age

• Nomadic group of people.

• Traveled in groups, or bands, of about 20 or 30 members.

• They have no concept of clothes; they do not have “malice”

Nomadic type of living

- travel from one place to another to obtain their materials

Paleolithic people hunted __

buffalo, bison, wild goats, reindeer, and other animals, depending on where they lived.

Paleolithic people survived by

hunting and gathering.

Paleolithic people

• Gathered wild nuts, berries, fruits, wild grains, and green plants.

• Fished along rivers and coastal areas.

Paleo Diet (caveman diet)

– heavy on protein and low in carbs

Designation of tasks within groups during paleolithic age

• Men - hunting

• Women - gathering (fruits and vegetables from land)

women in paleolithic age

• stayed close to the camp, often close to a body of water

• looked after the children and searched nearby woods and meadows for berries, nuts, and grains.

Designation of tasks within groups during paleolithic age

• Everyone worked to find food.

Some scientists believe that __ existed between Paleolithic men and women.

equity

Technology tools and methods to perform tasks

were first used by Paleolithic people

Before paleolothic age, __ served as tools.

sticks, stones, and tree branches

later (paleolithic) people made devices from __

a hard stone called flint (hard, sedimentary crystalline form of the mineral quartz)

Paleolithic people learned that

by hitting flint with another hard stone, the flint would flake into pieces, which had very sharp edged that could be used for cutting

Flint technology

was a major breakthrough for early people

Over time, Paleolithic people made __

better, more complex tools.

Spears, bows and arrows

made killing large animals easier.

Spears and fish hooks

increased the number of fish caught.

Sharp-edged tools

to cut up plants and dig roots.

Paleolithic people used scraping tools to clean animal hides, which they used for

clothing and shelter.

By the end of the Paleolithic Age,

• people were making smaller and sharper tools.

• They crafted needles from animal bones to make nets and baskets and to sew hides together for clothing.

Paleolithic humans learned to make their own __

shelters.

paleolithic People constructed

tents and huts of animal skins, brush, and wood.

In very cold climates, some (paleolithic) people

made shelters from ice and snow

Many paleolithic people lived in

caves

(paleolithic age)

The first use of fire by humans

• Warmth

• Cooked food

• Meat that was smoked by fire could be stored

Generating Fire

Certain stone, iron pyrite, gave off sparks when struck against another rock

Communication and Arts of paleolithic age

• Development of spoken language.

• The spoken language of early people was constantly growing and changing.

• Transfer of knowledge

Communication and Arts of paleolithic age

• Cave paintings found all around the world.

• Crushed yellow, black, and red rocks and combined them with animal fat to make their paints.

• Used twigs and their fingertips to apply these paints to the rock walls.

NEOLITHIC PERIOD

(10,200 BC AND ENDING BETWEEN 4500 AND 2000 BC)

NEOLITHIC PERIOD

First Agricultural Revolution

• The wide-scale transition from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement.

• period in the development of human technology

Neolithic Society

During the Neolithic age, people lived in

small tribes composed of families.

Neolithic Society

The domestication of large animals resulted in a __

dramatic increase in social inequality

Neolithic Society is headed by

charismatic leader of tribal groups.

Neolithic Society

The growth of agriculture

made permanent houses possible.

Mud brick houses and stilt-houses settlements

were also common in neolithc age

The clothing of the Neolithic humans were made of

animal skins.

Neolithic Society

• Reliance upon the foods produced from cultivated lands.

• Encouraged the growth of settlements.

• Production of surplus crop yields

Growth of Agriculture (neolithic)

• Surpluses could be stored and traded.

• Agricultural life afforded securities.

• Sedentary farming populations grew faster than nomadic.

Neolithic Technology

• An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools.

• Neolithic stone artifacts are by definition polished.

Neolithic Technology

Skilled manufacturers of a

range of other types of stone tools and ornaments, including projectile points, beads, and statues

Neolithic Technology

The polished stone axe

allowed forest clearance in a large scale.

RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS

• Emergence of science and technology on diverse usage

• Transportation and navigation

• Communication

• Weapons and armors

• Conservation of life

• Engineering (for construction)

• Architecture (for the design)

Sumerian Civilization

(4500 BC to 1900 BC)

Sumerian Civilization

• The oldest civilization

• Cuneiform – system of handwriting

• Uruk City

• Irrigation and Dikes

• Sailboats

• Wheel

• The Plow

The Sumerians invented a

seed sowing machine, which could plant seeds more quickly and evenly than sowing by handgave rise to the cities and buildings

Uruk City

gave rise to the cities and buildings

Egyptian Civilization

(3100 BC to 332 BC)

Egyptian Civilization

• papyrus ebers

• ink

• hieroglyphics

• cosmetics and wig

• water clock/clepsydra

Chinese Civilization

(1600 BC to 221 BC)

Chinese Civilization

• Oldest existing civilization until the present time

• Silk

• Tea Production

• Great wall of China

• Gunpowder

Greek Civilization

(800 BC to 140 BC)

Greek Civilization

• Alarm Clock

• Water Mill

• Presence of mythology and fiction (we got to know their literature)

When Romans conquered the Greeks,

they copied most of their civilization, culture, and tradition

Roman Civilization

(753 BC to 476 AD)

Roman Civilization

• Newspaper

• Bound Books or Codex

• Roman Architecture

• Roman Numerals

• They conquered most of the world and have Catholic as their religion

The Middle “Dark” Ages

(476 AD to 1400s)

Middle ages

– Term for western Europe during the Postclassical Era (A.P. World History’s 3rd time period.

The Middle “Dark” Ages began

with the fall of the Roman Empire (476) and ended in the 1400s.

The term “the West”

= Western Europe, but later included Americ

Problems that rose during the “Dark Ages

• Lack of a central government

• Widespread diseases (plagues)

• Long religious wars

• Little to no access to education

• Slow technological or cultural development

technology arised in the middle ages

• printing press

• microscope

• telescope

• war weapons

The Renaissance

(14th to 17th Century)

The Renaissance (14th to 17th Century)

● Also regarded as the bridge between the middle ages and modern history that started as a cultural movement in Italy, it later spread towards the rest of Europe.

MODERN HISTORY AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

(1700s to 1900s)

MODERN HISTORY AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1700s to 1900s)

• the face of industry changed dramatically

• Lasting impact on the economies of the world and the lives of the person.

• Introduction of inventions that made the life of people easier

MODERN HISTORY AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1700s to 1900s)

The rise of the minds of the people started a

Mind/Brain Revolution about the purpose of improving ways of living through systematic means to advance and propel scientific discoveries

The advancement of the textile industry was

a key development in the Industrial Revolution.

The cotton gin

increased productivity of removing seed from cotton.

The cotton gin is invented by

eli whitney

Large gains in productivity also occurred in

spinning and weaving of textile

The first that employed the factory system.

hire more people to address the growing necessity of people and enhance their production

MODERN HISTORY AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1700s to 1900s)

The use of machines and an

"assembly-line" approach.

James Watt

• created the first truly reliable steam engine in 1775.

invention of steam engine

made locomotives and many of the textile machines possible

Coal mining

is the process of extracting coal from the ground.

Coal is valued for its

energy content

industrialization increased the __ significantly

demand for coal

The substitution of coal for charcoal

greatly lowered the fuel cost of iron production

The charcoal powered steam engine

enabled a large increase in iron production.

Invention of Machine Tools

included the screw cutting lathe, cylinder boring machine and the milling machine.

The large-scale production of chemicals

was an important development during the Industrial Revolution

Production of sulphuric acid was pioneered by the

Englishman John Roebuck in 1746

sulphuric acid

is essential for killing microorganisms because they cannot tolerate the acidity surrounding the basicity of the product (on the part of the pH scale)

Use of Chemistry

Production for fertilizers, detergents, dyes, explosives, drugs and other chemicals.

Germany

took world leadership in the chemical industry during the industrial industry

Aspiring chemists flocked to __ during the period.

German universities

In 1824 Joseph Aspdin, a British bricklayer turned builder,

patented a chemical process for making Portland cement

Invention of Cement

involves sintering a mixture of clay and limestone to about 1,400 °C (2,552 °F), then grinding it into a fine powder which is then mixed with water, sand and gravel to produce concrete.

Joseph Foljambe's Rotherham plough of 1730

was the first commercially successful iron plough.

The threshing machine, invented by __, displaced hand threshing with a flail, a laborious job that took about one-quarter of agricultural labor.

Andrew Meikle in 1784