helping someone else can be in your best interests because it increases the likelihood that you will be helped in return
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empathy
understanding or vicariously experiencing another individuals perspective and feeling sympathy and compassion for that individual
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perspective taking
using the power of imagination to try to see the world through someone elses eyes
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empathic concern
involves other-oriented feelings
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courageous resistance
thoughtful helping in the face of potentially enormous costs
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stimulus overload
people may become so used to seeing people lying or sidewalks or hearing screams that they begin to tune them out
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world change orientation
motivator when people desire to make the world a better place
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self-transcendence
a value that emphasizes care for the welfare of other others, whether close or distant, and disengagement from selfish concerns
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exchange relationship
people give help with the expectation of receiving comparable benefits in return
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communal relationship
people feel responsibility for each others needs and are more likely to help, and are less likely to be concerned with keeping track of rewards and costs, than people in an exchange relationship are
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empathy gap
people consistently show greater empathy for the needs and suffering of ingroup members than outgroup members
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identity fusion
a strong sense of "oneness" and shared identity with a group and its individual members
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norm of reciprocity
if someone has helped us, we should help them in return
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norm of equity
when people are in a situation in which they feel over-benefited, they should help those who are under-benefited
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a person is over-benefited when
they received more benefits than they earned
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a person is under-benefited when
they receive fewer benefits than they earned
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norm of social responsibility
people should help those who need assistance
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implicit social support
support that comes from just thinking about close others but that doesnt involve actually seeking or receiving their help in coping with stressful events
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True or False: People are more likely to help someone in an emergency if the potential rewards seem high and the potential costs seem low.
True
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True or False: In an emergency, a person who needs help has a much better chance of getting it if three other people are present than if only one other person is present.
False
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True or False: People are much more likely to help someone when they're in a good mood.
True
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True or False: People are much less likely to help someone when they're in a bad mood.
False
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True or False: Attractive people have a better chance than unattractive people of getting help when they need it.
True
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True or False: Women seek help more often than men do.
True
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prosocial behaviors
Actions intended to benefit others.
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kin selection
Preferential helping of genetic relatives, which results in the greater likelihood that genes held in common will survive.
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indirect reciprocity
A kind of reciprocal altruism in which an individual who helps someone becomes more likely to receive help from someone else
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negative state relief model
The proposition that people help others in order to counteract their own feelings of sadness.
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altruistic
Motivated by the desire to improve another’s welfare.
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egoistic
Motivated by the desire to improve one’s own welfare.
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empathy-altruism hypothesis
The proposition that empathic concern for a person in need produces an altruistic motive for helping.
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bystander effect
The effect whereby the presence of others inhibits helping.
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pluralistic ignorance
The state in which people in a group mistakenly think that their own individual thoughts, feelings, or behaviors are different from those of the others in the group.
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audience inhibition
Reluctance to help for fear of making a bad impression on observers.
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diffusion of responsibility
The belief that others will or should take the responsibility for providing assistance to a person in need.
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reluctant altruism
Altruistic kinds of behavior that result from pressure from peers or other sources of direct social influence.
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social norm
A general rule of conduct reflecting standards of social approval and disapproval.
Studied by 5 people
