CHEM1022 - organic chemistry

descriptions/key words/rules only

Electrophile

An agent typically used in machismo reactions which refers to one which lacks electrons ( carbocation and carbonyl compounds) - have positive charge

Nucleophile

Agent which is electron rich and donates electron pairs to deficient species ( water, ammonia, cyanide ion) - have negative charge

Markovnikov’s Rule

addition of HX alkene occurs such that carbon with most substitutes gain more - more H on carbon=gain the H from HX

carbocation stability

when creating a carbocation and following the Maokovnikov’s rule, it is preferred to have the most stable compound :

Least most stable

primary - secondary - tertiary

Mechanism steps ( nucleophile and electrophile)

1) identify nucleophile and electrophile ( more electronegative = more nucleophile)

2) arrow from nucleophile to electrophile then break molecule being added by using arrow ( bond give e to nucleophile)

3) in intermediate brackets - draw the carbocation and the electrophile specie

4) draw arrow from e pair in nucleophile to carbocation

Alkanes description

4 sigma bonds and tetrahedral shape (109.5 degree)

sp3 hybrid with 4 orbital

Alkene

3 orbitals with sp2 hybrid

4 sigma and 1 pie bond (trigonal planar (120)

static conformation - newman