APHUG unit 2 vocab

Age Distribution:

refers to the proportion of different age groups (cohorts) within a population, analyzed using population pyramids.

Carry capacity:

This is the population level that can be supported, given the quantity of food, habitat, water and other life infrastructure present. This is important because it tells how many people an area will be able to support.

Cohort:

Population of various age categories in an age-sex population pyramid. This is important because this can tell what state this country is whether in Stage 3 or Stage 5 in the demographic transition model.

Demographic equation:

The formula that calculates population change. The formula finds the increase (or decrease) in a population. The formula is found by doing births minus deaths plus (or minus) net migration. This is important because it helps to determine which stage in the demographic transition model a country is in.

Demographic momentum:

this is the tendency for the growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model.

Demographic regions:

Cape Verde is in Stage 2 (High Growth), Chile is in Stage 3 (Moderate Growth), and Denmark is in Stage 4 (Low Growth). This is important because it shows how different parts of the world are in different stages of the demographic transition.

Demographic Transition model:

Has 5 steps. Stage 1 is low growth, Stage 2 is High Growth, Stage 3 is Moderate Growth, and Stage 4 is Low Growth and Stage 5 although not officially a stage is a possible stage that includes zero or negative population group. This is important because this is the way our country and others countries around the world are transformed from a less developed country to a more developed country.

Dependency ratio:

The number of people who are too you or too old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years. This is important because this tells how many people each worker supports. For example the larger population of dependents, the greater financial burden on those who are working to support those who cannot.

Diffusion of fertility control:

The diffusion of fertility control is spread throughout the world. In the U.S it’s below 2.1 in much of Africa it is above 4, in South America it is between 2 and 3, in Europe it is below 2.1, in China and Russia it is below 2.1, and in much of the Middle East it is above 4. This is important because it shows how many kids a mother is having thus helping to see where the countries are growing rapidly and where countries are leveling off.

Disease diffusion:

There are two types, contagious and hierarchical. Hierarchical is along high density areas that spread from urban to rural areas. Contagiousness is spread through the density of people. This is important in determining how the disease spreads so you can predict how it will spread.

Doubling time:

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase. This is important because it can help project the country's population increase over the years and when its population will double.

Ecumene:

The proportion of earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement. This is important because its tells how much of the land has been built upon and how much land is left for us to build on.

Epidemiological transition model:

This is a distinctive cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition. This is important because it can explain how a country's population changes so dramatically and more.

Gendered space:

areas designed or socially constructed to be associated with specific genders, reflecting societal norms, power structures, and roles

Infant mortality rate:

(IMR) The annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births. It is expressed as the annual number of deaths among infants among infants per 1000 births rather than a percentage. This is important because it tells how developed a country is, if they have a high IMR they are an LDC and if it is low they are an MDC.

J-curve:

This is when the projection population shows exponential growth; sometimes shaped as a j-curve. This is important because if the population grows exponentially our resource use will go up exponentially and so will our use as well as a greater demand for food and more.

Maladaption:

This is an adaptation that has become less helpful than harmful. This relates to human geography because it has become less and less suitable and more of a problem or hindrance in its own right, as time goes on. Which shows as the world changes so do the things surrounding it.

Malthus, Thomas:

Was one of the first to argue that the world's rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food population. This is important because he brought up the point that we may be outrunning our supplies because of our exponentially growing population.

Mortality:

There are two useful ways to measure mortality; infant mortality rate and life expectancy. The IMR reflect a country’s health care system and life expectancy measures the average number of years a baby can expect to live. This is important because you can use a country's mortality rate to determine important features about a country.

Natality:

the ratio of live births in a population, typically measured as the Crude Birth Rate (CBR)—the number of live births per 1,000 people annually

Neo-malthusian-

modern theorists who build upon Thomas Malthus's original 18th-century ideas, arguing that rapid population growth will outpace natural resources and cause environmental collapse.

Population densities-

the frequency with which something occurs in space is density

*Arithmetic density:

total number of objects in an area. Used to compare distribution of population in different countries.

*Physiological density:

number of persons per unit of area suitable for agriculture. Could mean a country has difficulty growing enough food.

*Agricultural density:

the number of farmers per unit of area of farmland. It may mean a country has inefficient agriculture.

Population distributions-

the arrangement of a feature in space is distribution. Geographers identify the three main properties as density, concentration, and pattern. Used to describe how things and people are distributed across the earth.

Population explosion-

a sudden increase or burst in the population in either a certain geographical area or worldwide. Occurred in the late 18th and early 19th centuries because several countries moved on to stage 2 of the DTM. Can trace factors that lead to these explosions.

Population projection-

predicts the future population of an area or the world. Helps predict future problems with population such as overpopulation or under population of a certain race or ethnicity.

Population pyramid-

population displayed by age and gender on a bar graph. Shape is determined primarily by crude birth rate. Shows age distribution and sex ratio.

Rate of natural increase-

the percentage by which a population grows in a year. CBR-CDR = NIR Excludes migration. Affects the population and a country’s or area’s ability to support that population.

S-curve-

traces the cyclical movement upwards and downwards in a graph. So named for its shape as the letter "s" Relates to growth and decline in the natural increase.

Sex ratio-

the number of males per hundred females in the population.Depends on birth and death rates, immigration. Men have higher death rates but also higher birth rates. Immigration usually means more males because they can make the journey.

Standard of living-

refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way they are distributed within a population. Higher standards of living are found in MDC’s rather than LDC’s. Can help trace development.

Sustainability-

providing the best outcomes for human and natural environments both in the present and for the future.Relates to development that meets today’s needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Underpopulation-

it is the opposition to overpopulation and refers to a sharp drop or decrease in a region’s population. Unlike overpopulation, it does not refer to resources but to having enough people to support the local economic system. If there are not enough tax payers, then the area cannot continue.

Zero population growth-

when the crude birth rate equals the crude death rate and the natural increase rate approaches zero. Often applied to countries in stage 4 of the demographic transition model.

Activity space-

space allotted for a certain industry or activity. Can apply to an area within a city or surrounding a central place.

Chain migration-

when one family member migrates to a new country and the rest of the family follows shortly after. Mostly seen from Mexico to the United States when guest workers set up homes and make money for their family to follow them.

Cyclic movement-

trends in migration and other processes that have a clear cycle

Distance Decay-

When contact between two groups diminishes because of the distance between them.

Forced Migration-

When people are removed from their countries and forced to live in other countries because of war, natural disaster, and government. (

Gravity Model-

Predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.

Internal Migration-

Permanent movement within a particular country.

Intervening Opportunity-

a favorable environmental, economic, or social factor encountered during migration that causes a person to stop and settle before reaching their original destination

Intercontinental Migration

Permanent movement from one country to a different country on the same continent.

Place Utility

the perceived satisfaction, desirability, or usefulness of a location based on social, economic, or environmental attributes

Push-Pull Factors-

Factors that induce people to leave old residence and move to new locations.

Refugee-

People forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.

Space-Time Prism

a time-geography tool representing the total, limited area an individual can reach based on speed and time constraints

Step Migration

a type of migration that occurs in a series of smaller, incremental stages rather than a single, long-distance, direct journey

Transhumance-

Seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas.

Interregional Migration -

Permanent movement from one region of the country to another.