AP Gov Final

Brown v

Declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning "separate but equal" doctrine.

Regents of the University of California v

Ruled affirmative action constitutional but racial quotas impermissible.

Baker v

Established "one person, one vote" principle for federal courts to review redistricting.

Shaw v

Ruled redistricting by race must meet strict scrutiny under equal protection clause.

Buckley v

Upheld limits on campaign contributions, equating spending money with free speech.

Citizens United v

Held corporate funding of political broadcasts cannot be limited under the First Amendment.

NY Times v

Ruled government couldn't prevent publishing of classified documents, citing freedom of the press.

Business Cycle

Refers to economic fluctuations with periods of expansion and contraction.

Deficits, Surpluses, and National Debt

Deficit is when expenditures exceed revenues, surplus is the opposite, and national debt is total owed to creditors.

Role of the Federal Reserve

Central banking system regulating monetary policy and stabilizing the financial system.

Monetary Policy

Involves managing money supply and interest rates to control inflation and employment.

Fiscal Policy

Government's use of taxation and spending to influence the economy.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Women's Issues

Focused on achieving equality in workplace, education, and reproductive rights.

Affirmative Action

Policies addressing past discrimination and providing opportunities for marginalized groups.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Outlawed discriminatory voting practices and provided federal oversight.

Bakke Case

Ruled racial quotas unconstitutional but upheld race as a factor in admissions.

Open primary

Allows voters to choose party's primary regardless of affiliation.

Closed primary

Restricted to registered party members to influence candidate selection.

Motor Voter

Requires voter registration opportunities at motor vehicle departments.

Prospective voting

Voters decide based on future predictions about candidates.

Retrospective voting

Voters base decisions on candidates' past performance.

Third Party influences

Impact major elections by highlighting specific issues and affecting major party platforms.

Campaign Finance laws

Regulate campaign contributions to prevent undue influence and ensure transparency.

National Conventions

Held to nominate presidential candidates and adopt party platforms.

Independent expenditures

Funds spent independently to advocate for specific candidates.

Role of interest groups

Influence policy through lobbying, funding campaigns, and mobilizing voters.

Role of the Media

Shapes public opinion, provides information, and holds officials accountable.

Horse Race Journalism

Focuses on competitive aspects of political campaigns.

Gatekeeper

Determines important stories and issues for public attention.

Scorekeeper

Tracks political successes and failures, influencing public perceptions.

Watchdog

Monitors government actions, exposes wrongdoing, and advocates for transparency.

Agenda setting

Identifying and prioritizing issues requiring government attention.

Policy formulation

Developing strategies and proposing solutions to address identified issues.

Policy adoption

Official selection and enactment of proposed policy solutions.

Policy implementation

Putting adopted policies into action to achieve objectives.

Policy evaluation

Assessing implemented policies for effectiveness and impact.