World History Review Flashcards

Flashcards for World History Review - Semester 2

What agricultural and technological innovations led to industrialization in Great Britain?

Crop rotation, Enclosures, Seed Drill, Spinning Jenny, Steam engine, Steamboat, Electricity, Internal combustion Engine, Locomotives

Give examples of social effects of the Industrial Revolution.

Emergence of an upper middle class, lower status for the industrial working class, urbanization, white-collared workers joining the middle class, workers organizing into unions

Give an example of economic effects of the Industrial Revolution.

Industrialized countries become very wealthy, ties between industrial and non-industrial countries strengthened.

What are the key principles of capitalism according to Adam Smith?

Private ownership of the means of production, laissez-faire economics (government should not impose regulations on economic activity)

What is utopian socialism, and who advocated for it?

Society/Government owns the means of production; Robert Owen

What are the key principles of communism according to Karl Marx?

Collective ownership of the means of production, predicted a violent class struggle leading to elimination of social classes and the state itself

Name the scientist who discovered the element radium.

Marie Curie

Who put forth the theory of relativity?

Albert Einstein

Who are credited with carrying out the first flight in a fixed-wing aircraft?

Wilbur and Orville Wright

Who put forth theories of the human mind and explored how to unlock repressed thoughts?

Sigmund Freud

What effect did pressure from abolishtionists have in the United States?

Led to the Civil War and the eventual end to the practice of slavery.

What reforms did the Czar make after the loss of the Crimean War?

Freed the serfs

Define Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

What is anti-Semitism?

Hostility to or prejudice against Jews.

What was the goal of Zionism?

Establishment of a Jewish state

Who is noted for helping grow Zionism by publishing 'The Jewish State'?

Theodor Herzl

Define Imperialism.

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Define Social Darwinism.

The theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals.

Define Berlin Conference:

A meeting in Berlin from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed upon rules for the European colonization of Africa.

Who are Sepoys?

Indian soldiers serving under British command.

What were the PROS and CONS of India being under British rule?

Pros: Infrastructure development, education. Cons: Economic exploitation, suppression of local industries.

Describe Meiji Restoration in Japan

A period of modernization and westernization in Japan.

What did Guang Xu of the Qing Dynasty (China) do to reform?

One Hundred Days of Reform: A failed attempt to modernize China.

Describe the Opium War:

Wars fought between Great Britain and China over the opium trade.

Describe the Boxer Rebellion:

An anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising in China.

What are the causes of World War 1 (M.A.I.N)

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

What was 'the spark' that led to the outbreak of WWI?

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Describe Trench Warfare:

A type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other.

Describe Total War:

A war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries.

What were the key provisions of the Treaty of Versailles?

Germany was forced to accept full responsibility for the war, pay heavy reparations, and cede territory. Restrictions were placed on its military.

What were Wilson's Fourteen Points?

A statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I.

What was Lenin's role in the Russian Revolution?

Leader of the Bolsheviks, overthrew the provisional government

What were the February and October Revolutions?

February: Overthrow of the Czar. October: Bolsheviks take power.

What was Stalin's role in the Soviet Union?

Dictator who implemented communism and state-controlled economy

Describe War Communism

A system of centralized control during the Russian Civil War, including nationalization of industries and forced grain requisition.

Describe the causes of German economic crisis in the 1920s

Hyperinflation caused by excessive printing of money to pay war debts

What was the government response in Russia to the economic crisis?

Implemented the New Economic Policy (NEP), allowing some private ownership.

What was the Third Reich?

Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler.

What is the Aryan Race?

A concept used by Nazis to promote the idea of a superior race of people.

Describe examples of totalitarian control.

National uniformity, strong secret police, state-controlled media, one central leader, strict laws enforced through terror.

What was the policy of Appeasement?

Giving in to aggressive demands to avoid war.

Describe the Blitzkrieg

A military tactic used by the Germans in WWII; lightning war, using air power and fast-moving tanks.

Describe the Nuremburg Laws:

Discriminatory laws against Jews in Nazi Germany.

Describe Kristallnacht:

Night of Broken Glass, a violent pogrom against Jews in Nazi Germany.

Describe Concentration camps

Prison camps used under the rule of Hitler in Nazi Germany. Conditions were inhuman, and prisoners were generally starved or worked to death, or killed immediately.

Describe Hitler's 'Final Solution':

The Nazi plan to exterminate the Jewish people.

What was the Yalta Conference?

A wartime meeting of Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin to discuss post-war reorganization of Europe.

Describe the Bataan Death March:

A forced march of American and Filipino prisoners of war by the Japanese army.

What was Island Hopping?

A military strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War against Japan and the Axis powers during World War II.

Describe the Nuremberg Trials

Trials held after World War II to prosecute Nazi leaders for war crimes and crimes against humanity.

What was the purpose of the United Nations (UN)?

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

What is Capitalism?

An economic system based on private ownership of capital and free markets.

What is Collectivism?

Giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly

What is Totalitarianism?

A political system in which the government has total control over the lives of individual citizens.

What was the Truman Doctrine?

Gave financial aid to nations threatened by communist expansion.

What was the Marshal Plan?

Provided $13 billion for the rebuilding of Europe. Soviet-allied countries did not participate

What was the Berlin Airlift?

Western response to a Soviet blockade of West Berlin. Allies flew supplies over Soviet territory and delivered them to the city.

Describe the Cultural Revolution in China

A sociopolitical movement that took place in China from 1966 to 1976.

Define a Proxy War:

A war instigated by a major power that does not itself become involved.

Define Pan-Africanism:

The idea that peoples of African descent have common interests and should be unified.

Define Pan-Arabism

The principle or advocacy of political alliance or union of all Arab states.

Who was Mohandas Gandhi?

Leader of the Indian independence movement, advocating for non-violent civil disobedience.

Define Apartheid

A system of racial segregation and discrimination enforced in South Africa.

What was the Partition of India and Pakistan

The division of British India in 1947 into two independent dominion states, India and Pakistan

What are examples of events of ethnic cleansing or genocide?

Cambodia, Bosnia, Rwanda, and Darfur

What is WTO

World Trade Organization. an international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations

What is NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement; an agreement amongst ,Canada, United States, and Mexico, which eliminates tariff and non-tariff barriers of trade and investment

What is EU

European Union. An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.