World History Review Flashcards

Topic 8: The Industrial Revolution

6.1 Agricultural and Technological Innovations

Agricultural Innovations

• Crop rotation:
  • A system of varying crops planted in a cyclical order to avoid exhausting the soil.
• Enclosures:
  • The consolidation of small landholdings into larger, more efficient farms, leading to increased agricultural output but also displacing many farmers.
• Seed Drill:
  • Invented by Jethro Tull, this device precisely planted seeds in rows, increasing efficiency and yield.

Technological Innovations

• Electricity:
  • A major source of power that revolutionized industries and daily life.
• Internal Combustion Engine:
  • A new type of engine that burned fuel inside cylinders, leading to the development of automobiles and airplanes.
• Locomotives:
  • Steam-powered trains that transformed transportation, enabling efficient movement of goods and people.
• Spinning Jenny:
  • An early multiple-spindle spinning frame, which mechanized the process of textile production.
• Steam Engine:
  • Invented by James Watt, this engine used steam to generate power, becoming a crucial component of factories, mines, and transportation.
• Steamboat:
  • A steam-powered boat that revolutionized river transportation, facilitating trade and travel.

6.2 Social and Economic Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Social Effects (S)

• Emergence of an upper middle class:
  • Composed of successful industrialists, bankers, and merchants.
• Industrial working class with lower status:
  • Workers faced low wages and lived in poor conditions in tenements or apartment buildings.
• Reforms in the late 1800s:
  • Addressed poor living conditions in cities through building codes and sanitation regulations, reducing epidemic diseases and improving public health.
• Urbanization:
  • Displaced farmers moved to urban centers seeking work in factories.
• Growth of the middle class:
  • Included white-collar workers such as traveling salespeople, bookkeepers, telephone operators, department store salespeople, and secretaries.
• Rise of Labor Unions:
  • Workers organized into unions to improve working conditions, using strikes as a key tool to pressure employers.

Economic Effects (E)

• Wealth creation in industrialized countries:
  • The production of more goods led to increased wealth in industrialized nations.
• Strengthened ties between industrial and non-industrial countries:
  • Non-industrial countries supplied raw materials to industrial countries.

6.3 Philosophies of Capitalism, Socialism, and Communism

Capitalism (Adam Smith)

• Adam Smith:
  • Scottish philosopher who wrote The Wealth of Nations.
• Capitalism:
  • Private ownership of the means of production.
• Laissez-faire economics:
  • The government should not impose regulations on economic activity.

Socialism (Robert Owen)

• Robert Owen:
  • British cotton manufacturer.
• Utopian Socialism:
  • Society or government owns the means of production, such as factories and utilities.

Communism (Karl Marx)

• Karl Marx:
  • German philosopher who wrote The Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels.
• Communism:
  • Collective ownership of the means of production.
• Class Struggle:
  • Marx predicted a violent class struggle between the bourgeoisie (middle class) and the proletariat (workers), leading to the workers gaining control and the eventual elimination of social classes and the state itself.

6.4 Social and Political Reforms and Reform Movements (19th and Early 20th Century)

• Suffrage for Women:
  • Efforts to gain voting rights for women.
• Child Labor Laws:
  • Legislation to protect children from exploitation in the workplace.

Topic 9: Nationalism and the Spread of Democracy

9.1 Scientific Figures and Breakthroughs of the 20th Century

• Marie Curie:
  • French scientist who discovered the element radium.
  • Found that atoms could give off energy (radiation).
• Albert Einstein:
  • German-born scientist.
  • Put forth the theory of relativity, stating that space and time are not absolute but relative to the observer.
  • Explained that matter was another form of energy and theorized the vast energy contained within the atom. E=mc^2
• Wilbur & Orville Wright:
  • American inventors.
  • Used the power of the internal combustion engine to carry out the first flight in a fixed-wing aircraft at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, in 1903.
• Sigmund Freud:
  • German doctor who put forth theories of the human mind.
  • Explained that human behavior was influenced by past experiences.
  • Explored how to unlock repressed thoughts to heal mental conditions.

5.7 Latin American and Caribbean Independence Movements

6.4 Nationalism and Reform

6.5 Unification of Italy and Germany

• Nationalism:
  • Define Nationalism:

Topic 10: The Age of Imperialism

8.6 Establishment of the Modern State of Israel in 1948

• Anti-Semitism:
  • What is anti-Semitism?
• Long-term Causes of the Establishment of a Jewish State
• Examples of anti-Semitism in Europe in the late 1800s:
• Zionism:
  • What was the goal of Zionism?
• The Jewish State:
  • Who helped to grow Zionism by publishing his pamphlet, The Jewish State?

6.6 Causes and Effects of Imperialism

• Imperialism:
  • Define Imperialism:

Causes of Imperialism

• Economic:
• Political:
• Social:
• Religious:
• Social Darwinism:
  • Define Social Darwinism:

Nature of Imperialism

• Direct Rule

• Indirect Rule

• Sphere of Influence

• Berlin Conference:

  • Define Berlin Conference:

Effects of Imperialism

• Africa:
  • How was Africa changed (politically, culturally, socially) by the Berlin Conference?
• Sepoys:
  • Define Sepoys:
  • What caused the Sepoy Rebellion?
• India:
  • What were the PROS and CONS of India being under British rule?
• Southeast Asia

6.4 Reforms and Protection from European Imperialism

• Meiji Restoration in Japan
• Menelik II of Ethiopia
• Guang Xu of the Qing Dynasty (China)
  • Self-strengthening movement:
  • One Hundred Days of Reform:

Topic 11: World War I and the Russian Revolution

6.7 Events in China During the 19th and Early 20th Centuries Related to Imperialism

7.1 Causes of World War I

• Causes of World War 1:
  • M-
  • A-
  • I-
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