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Primary Source

Primary Source

Original report of a study, contains all details for replication, peer-reviewed

Secondary Source

Summarized information about a study, some peer review, not original

General Source

Provides overview, not peer-reviewed, broad information

Directional Hypothesis

Clarifies nature of differences in relationship

Non-Directional Hypothesis

Reflects differences without specifying nature

Theory

Explanation combining assumptions, hypotheses, facts to explain findings

General Theory

Broad explanations applicable to various concerns

Middle Range Theory

Explanations specific to a subject area

Assumptions

Accepted beliefs without testing

Concepts

Key ideas in a theory

Hypotheses

Propositions suggesting relationships in a model

Theoretical Model

Diagram identifying key ideas and their relationships

Conceptual Definition

General definition in research introduction

Operationalization

Defining and measuring a concept for research

Reliability

Consistency of measurement

Test-Retest Reliability

Consistency of scores when a measure is given more than once

Inter-Item Reliability

Consistency between individual items in a measure

Inter-Rater Reliability

Consistency between multiple raters

Alternate Parallel Form Reliability

Consistency between multiple forms of the same measure

Validity

Accuracy of measurement

Construct Validity

Assessment of how well an instrument measures a theoretical construct

Operationalize

Defining and measuring something not directly measurable

Sampling

Process of selecting a subset of individuals from a population

Probability Sample

Sample selected with known probability of inclusion

Non-Probability Sample

Sample selected without known probability of inclusion

Levels of Measurement

Categorization of variables based on their properties

Nominal Level

Categorical with mutually exclusive categories

Ordinal Level

Ranking along a continuum with unknown distances

Interval Level

Numerical with equal intervals, arbitrary zero

Ratio Level

Numerical with equal intervals, absolute zero

Deduction

Reasoning from general theory to specific data

Induction

Reasoning from specific data to a general theory

Dependent Variable

Response variable being measured

Independent Variable

Explanatory variable

Control Variable

Variables held constant to account for influences in research

Confounding

Unaccounted variable influencing research outcomes

Triangulation of Sources

Using diverse sources to build knowledge

Triangulation of Methods

Utilizing mixed research methods

Qualitative Interviewing Stages

Procedures for data collection in qualitative research

Trustworthiness

Rigor in design, researcher credibility, and findings believability

Credibility

Believability of analyses

Transferability

Ability to apply findings to other contexts

Dependability

Consistency and repeatability of analyses

Qualitative Coding

Process of categorizing qualitative data

Open Coding

Locating and naming themes in data

Axial Coding

Focusing explicitly on themes and adjusting

Selective Coding

Identifying cases exemplifying themes

Triangulation in Validity

Using multiple techniques for accurate findings

Prolonged Engagement

Increased time in the field for deeper understanding

Thick Description

Detailed and embedded field study description

Negative Case Analysis

Explaining cases that don't fit the hypothesis

Audit Trail

Detailed documentation of data analysis process

Conceptual Saturation

Collecting data until no new categories emerge

Member Check

Sharing data and interpretations with participants

Peer Debriefing

Presenting analyses to ensure unbiased interpretations

Explicit Documentation

Detailed record of data collection and analysis decisions

Research Ethics

Principles guiding ethical research conduct

Tuskegee

Infamous Syphilis Project influencing research ethics

Belmont Report

Statement of ethical principles for human subject protection

Research Designs

Structures for conducting research studies

Experimental Design

Controlled study with treatment and control groups

Quasi-Experimental Design

Study with treatment and control groups, non-randomized

Correlational Design

Examining relationships between variables

Descriptive Statistics

Summarizing patterns among variables

Inferential Statistics

Drawing conclusions about populations from sample data

Measures of Center

Statistics describing central tendencies

Test Statistic

Used to determine significance in hypothesis testing

Regression Models

Estimating relationships between variables

P-Value

Significance level in hypothesis testing