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69 Terms

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Primary Source

Original report of a study, contains all details for replication, peer-reviewed

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Secondary Source

Summarized information about a study, some peer review, not original

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General Source

Provides overview, not peer-reviewed, broad information

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Directional Hypothesis

Clarifies nature of differences in relationship

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Non-Directional Hypothesis

Reflects differences without specifying nature

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Theory

Explanation combining assumptions, hypotheses, facts to explain findings

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General Theory

Broad explanations applicable to various concerns

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Middle Range Theory

Explanations specific to a subject area

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Assumptions

Accepted beliefs without testing

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Concepts

Key ideas in a theory

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Hypotheses

Propositions suggesting relationships in a model

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Theoretical Model

Diagram identifying key ideas and their relationships

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Conceptual Definition

General definition in research introduction

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Operationalization

Defining and measuring a concept for research

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Reliability

Consistency of measurement

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Test-Retest Reliability

Consistency of scores when a measure is given more than once

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Inter-Item Reliability

Consistency between individual items in a measure

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Inter-Rater Reliability

Consistency between multiple raters

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Alternate Parallel Form Reliability

Consistency between multiple forms of the same measure

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Validity

Accuracy of measurement

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Construct Validity

Assessment of how well an instrument measures a theoretical construct

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Operationalize

Defining and measuring something not directly measurable

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Sampling

Process of selecting a subset of individuals from a population

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Probability Sample

Sample selected with known probability of inclusion

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Non-Probability Sample

Sample selected without known probability of inclusion

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Levels of Measurement

Categorization of variables based on their properties

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Nominal Level

Categorical with mutually exclusive categories

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Ordinal Level

Ranking along a continuum with unknown distances

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Interval Level

Numerical with equal intervals, arbitrary zero

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Ratio Level

Numerical with equal intervals, absolute zero

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Deduction

Reasoning from general theory to specific data

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Induction

Reasoning from specific data to a general theory

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Dependent Variable

Response variable being measured

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Independent Variable

Explanatory variable

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Control Variable

Variables held constant to account for influences in research

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Confounding

Unaccounted variable influencing research outcomes

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Triangulation of Sources

Using diverse sources to build knowledge

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Triangulation of Methods

Utilizing mixed research methods

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Qualitative Interviewing Stages

Procedures for data collection in qualitative research

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Trustworthiness

Rigor in design, researcher credibility, and findings believability

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Credibility

Believability of analyses

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Transferability

Ability to apply findings to other contexts

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Dependability

Consistency and repeatability of analyses

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Qualitative Coding

Process of categorizing qualitative data

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Open Coding

Locating and naming themes in data

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Axial Coding

Focusing explicitly on themes and adjusting

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Selective Coding

Identifying cases exemplifying themes

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Triangulation in Validity

Using multiple techniques for accurate findings

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Prolonged Engagement

Increased time in the field for deeper understanding

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Thick Description

Detailed and embedded field study description

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Negative Case Analysis

Explaining cases that don't fit the hypothesis

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Audit Trail

Detailed documentation of data analysis process

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Conceptual Saturation

Collecting data until no new categories emerge

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Member Check

Sharing data and interpretations with participants

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Peer Debriefing

Presenting analyses to ensure unbiased interpretations

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Explicit Documentation

Detailed record of data collection and analysis decisions

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Research Ethics

Principles guiding ethical research conduct

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Tuskegee

Infamous Syphilis Project influencing research ethics

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Belmont Report

Statement of ethical principles for human subject protection

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Research Designs

Structures for conducting research studies

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Experimental Design

Controlled study with treatment and control groups

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Quasi-Experimental Design

Study with treatment and control groups, non-randomized

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Correlational Design

Examining relationships between variables

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Descriptive Statistics

Summarizing patterns among variables

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Inferential Statistics

Drawing conclusions about populations from sample data

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Measures of Center

Statistics describing central tendencies

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Test Statistic

Used to determine significance in hypothesis testing

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Regression Models

Estimating relationships between variables

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P-Value

Significance level in hypothesis testing